ETH Price: $2,057.78 (-2.87%)

Transaction Decoder

Block:
16205924 at Dec-17-2022 05:31:11 PM +UTC
Transaction Fee:
0.00633958260712564 ETH $13.05
Gas Used:
446,980 Gas / 14.183146018 Gwei

Emitted Events:

291 RootChainProxy.NewHeaderBlock( proposer=[Sender] 0x5b1074ad528c31622a3f067a5b4557af8dfd07e5, headerBlockId=190090000, reward=3028200000000000000000, start=15576832, end=15577599, root=B5A055FB5B9A1F11F320B08F34E355BE8C27EADEB6EC414ABF061118515451DE )

Account State Difference:

  Address   Before After State Difference Code
0x5b1074aD...f8DFD07e5
1.150425584162897659 Eth
Nonce: 1136
1.144086001555772019 Eth
Nonce: 1137
0.00633958260712564
0x98dFB360...cD3000f02
(BitTorrent Chain: Root Chain Proxy)
(Flashbots: Builder)
1.198810284031035022 Eth1.199091475333166762 Eth0.00028119130213174
0xE887512a...E26048B8B

Execution Trace

RootChainProxy.4e43e495( )
  • RootChain.4e43e495( )
    • Registry.STATICCALL( )
    • StakeManagerProxy.0f9fdb37( )
      • StakeManager.0f9fdb37( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
        • Null: 0x000...001.3b5b5c46( )
          File 1 of 5: RootChainProxy
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Ownable} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol";
          contract ProxyStorage is Ownable {
              address internal proxyTo;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract ChainIdMixin {
            bytes constant public networkId = "199";
            uint256 constant public CHAINID = 199;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Governable} from "./governance/Governable.sol";
          import {IWithdrawManager} from "../root/withdrawManager/IWithdrawManager.sol";
          contract Registry is Governable {
              // @todo hardcode constants
              bytes32 private constant WETH_TOKEN = keccak256("wethToken");
              bytes32 private constant DEPOSIT_MANAGER = keccak256("depositManager");
              bytes32 private constant STAKE_MANAGER = keccak256("stakeManager");
              bytes32 private constant VALIDATOR_SHARE = keccak256("validatorShare");
              bytes32 private constant WITHDRAW_MANAGER = keccak256("withdrawManager");
              bytes32 private constant CHILD_CHAIN = keccak256("childChain");
              bytes32 private constant STATE_SENDER = keccak256("stateSender");
              bytes32 private constant SLASHING_MANAGER = keccak256("slashingManager");
              address public erc20Predicate;
              address public erc721Predicate;
              mapping(bytes32 => address) public contractMap;
              mapping(address => address) public rootToChildToken;
              mapping(address => address) public childToRootToken;
              mapping(address => bool) public proofValidatorContracts;
              mapping(address => bool) public isERC721;
              enum Type {Invalid, ERC20, ERC721, Custom}
              struct Predicate {
                  Type _type;
              }
              mapping(address => Predicate) public predicates;
              event TokenMapped(address indexed rootToken, address indexed childToken);
              event ProofValidatorAdded(address indexed validator, address indexed from);
              event ProofValidatorRemoved(address indexed validator, address indexed from);
              event PredicateAdded(address indexed predicate, address indexed from);
              event PredicateRemoved(address indexed predicate, address indexed from);
              event ContractMapUpdated(bytes32 indexed key, address indexed previousContract, address indexed newContract);
              constructor(address _governance) public Governable(_governance) {}
              function updateContractMap(bytes32 _key, address _address) external onlyGovernance {
                  emit ContractMapUpdated(_key, contractMap[_key], _address);
                  contractMap[_key] = _address;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Map root token to child token
               * @param _rootToken Token address on the root chain
               * @param _childToken Token address on the child chain
               * @param _isERC721 Is the token being mapped ERC721
               */
              function mapToken(
                  address _rootToken,
                  address _childToken,
                  bool _isERC721
              ) external onlyGovernance {
                  require(_rootToken != address(0x0) && _childToken != address(0x0), "INVALID_TOKEN_ADDRESS");
                  rootToChildToken[_rootToken] = _childToken;
                  childToRootToken[_childToken] = _rootToken;
                  isERC721[_rootToken] = _isERC721;
                  IWithdrawManager(contractMap[WITHDRAW_MANAGER]).createExitQueue(_rootToken);
                  emit TokenMapped(_rootToken, _childToken);
              }
              function addErc20Predicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicate != address(0x0), "Can not add null address as predicate");
                  erc20Predicate = predicate;
                  addPredicate(predicate, Type.ERC20);
              }
              function addErc721Predicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  erc721Predicate = predicate;
                  addPredicate(predicate, Type.ERC721);
              }
              function addPredicate(address predicate, Type _type) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicates[predicate]._type == Type.Invalid, "Predicate already added");
                  predicates[predicate]._type = _type;
                  emit PredicateAdded(predicate, msg.sender);
              }
              function removePredicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicates[predicate]._type != Type.Invalid, "Predicate does not exist");
                  delete predicates[predicate];
                  emit PredicateRemoved(predicate, msg.sender);
              }
              function getValidatorShareAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[VALIDATOR_SHARE];
              }
              function getWethTokenAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[WETH_TOKEN];
              }
              function getDepositManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[DEPOSIT_MANAGER];
              }
              function getStakeManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[STAKE_MANAGER];
              }
              function getSlashingManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[SLASHING_MANAGER];
              }
              function getWithdrawManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[WITHDRAW_MANAGER];
              }
              function getChildChainAndStateSender() public view returns (address, address) {
                  return (contractMap[CHILD_CHAIN], contractMap[STATE_SENDER]);
              }
              function isTokenMapped(address _token) public view returns (bool) {
                  return rootToChildToken[_token] != address(0x0);
              }
              function isTokenMappedAndIsErc721(address _token) public view returns (bool) {
                  require(isTokenMapped(_token), "TOKEN_NOT_MAPPED");
                  return isERC721[_token];
              }
              function isTokenMappedAndGetPredicate(address _token) public view returns (address) {
                  if (isTokenMappedAndIsErc721(_token)) {
                      return erc721Predicate;
                  }
                  return erc20Predicate;
              }
              function isChildTokenErc721(address childToken) public view returns (bool) {
                  address rootToken = childToRootToken[childToken];
                  require(rootToken != address(0x0), "Child token is not mapped");
                  return isERC721[rootToken];
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {IGovernance} from "./IGovernance.sol";
          contract Governable {
              IGovernance public governance;
              constructor(address _governance) public {
                  governance = IGovernance(_governance);
              }
              modifier onlyGovernance() {
                  _assertGovernance();
                  _;
              }
              function _assertGovernance() private view {
                  require(
                      msg.sender == address(governance),
                      "Only governance contract is authorized"
                  );
              }
          }
          /*
           * SPDX-License-Identitifer:    MIT
           */
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          // See https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-897.md
          interface ERCProxy {
              function proxyType() external pure returns (uint256 proxyTypeId);
              function implementation() external view returns (address codeAddr);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {RootChainStorage} from "./RootChainStorage.sol";
          import {Proxy} from "../common/misc/Proxy.sol";
          import {Registry} from "../common/Registry.sol";
          contract RootChainProxy is Proxy, RootChainStorage {
            constructor(address _proxyTo, address _registry, string memory _heimdallId)
              public
              Proxy(_proxyTo)
            {
              registry = Registry(_registry);
              heimdallId = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_heimdallId));
            }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          interface IGovernance {
              function update(address target, bytes calldata data) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract DelegateProxyForwarder {
              function delegatedFwd(address _dst, bytes memory _calldata) internal {
                  // solium-disable-next-line security/no-inline-assembly
                  assembly {
                      let result := delegatecall(
                          sub(gas, 10000),
                          _dst,
                          add(_calldata, 0x20),
                          mload(_calldata),
                          0,
                          0
                      )
                      let size := returndatasize
                      let ptr := mload(0x40)
                      returndatacopy(ptr, 0, size)
                      // revert instead of invalid() bc if the underlying call failed with invalid() it already wasted gas.
                      // if the call returned error data, forward it
                      switch result
                          case 0 {
                              revert(ptr, size)
                          }
                          default {
                              return(ptr, size)
                          }
                  }
              }
              
              function isContract(address _target) internal view returns (bool) {
                  if (_target == address(0)) {
                      return false;
                  }
                  uint256 size;
                  assembly {
                      size := extcodesize(_target)
                  }
                  return size > 0;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {ERCProxy} from "./ERCProxy.sol";
          import {DelegateProxyForwarder} from "./DelegateProxyForwarder.sol";
          contract DelegateProxy is ERCProxy, DelegateProxyForwarder {
              function proxyType() external pure returns (uint256 proxyTypeId) {
                  // Upgradeable proxy
                  proxyTypeId = 2;
              }
              function implementation() external view returns (address);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Registry} from "../common/Registry.sol";
          import {ProxyStorage} from "../common/misc/ProxyStorage.sol";
          import {ChainIdMixin} from "../common/mixin/ChainIdMixin.sol";
          contract RootChainHeader {
              event NewHeaderBlock(
                  address indexed proposer,
                  uint256 indexed headerBlockId,
                  uint256 indexed reward,
                  uint256 start,
                  uint256 end,
                  bytes32 root
              );
              // housekeeping event
              event ResetHeaderBlock(address indexed proposer, uint256 indexed headerBlockId);
              struct HeaderBlock {
                  bytes32 root;
                  uint256 start;
                  uint256 end;
                  uint256 createdAt;
                  address proposer;
              }
          }
          contract RootChainStorage is ProxyStorage, RootChainHeader, ChainIdMixin {
              bytes32 public heimdallId;
              uint8 public constant VOTE_TYPE = 2;
              uint16 internal constant MAX_DEPOSITS = 10000;
              uint256 public _nextHeaderBlock = MAX_DEPOSITS;
              uint256 internal _blockDepositId = 1;
              mapping(uint256 => HeaderBlock) public headerBlocks;
              Registry internal registry;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {DelegateProxy} from "./DelegateProxy.sol";
          import {ProxyStorage} from "./ProxyStorage.sol";
          contract Proxy is ProxyStorage, DelegateProxy {
              event ProxyUpdated(address indexed _new, address indexed _old);
              event OwnerUpdate(address _prevOwner, address _newOwner);
              constructor(address _proxyTo) public {
                  updateImplementation(_proxyTo);
              }
              function() external payable {
                  // require(currentContract != 0, "If app code has not been set yet, do not call");
                  // Todo: filter out some calls or handle in the end fallback
                  delegatedFwd(proxyTo, msg.data);
              }
              function implementation() external view returns (address) {
                  return proxyTo;
              }
              function updateImplementation(address _newProxyTo) public onlyOwner {
                  require(_newProxyTo != address(0x0), "INVALID_PROXY_ADDRESS");
                  require(isContract(_newProxyTo), "DESTINATION_ADDRESS_IS_NOT_A_CONTRACT");
                  emit ProxyUpdated(_newProxyTo, proxyTo);
                  proxyTo = _newProxyTo;
              }
              function isContract(address _target) internal view returns (bool) {
                  if (_target == address(0)) {
                      return false;
                  }
                  uint256 size;
                  assembly {
                      size := extcodesize(_target)
                  }
                  return size > 0;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract IWithdrawManager {
              function createExitQueue(address token) external;
              function verifyInclusion(
                  bytes calldata data,
                  uint8 offset,
                  bool verifyTxInclusion
              ) external view returns (uint256 age);
              function addExitToQueue(
                  address exitor,
                  address childToken,
                  address rootToken,
                  uint256 exitAmountOrTokenId,
                  bytes32 txHash,
                  bool isRegularExit,
                  uint256 priority
              ) external;
              function addInput(
                  uint256 exitId,
                  uint256 age,
                  address utxoOwner,
                  address token
              ) external;
              function challengeExit(
                  uint256 exitId,
                  uint256 inputId,
                  bytes calldata challengeData,
                  address adjudicatorPredicate
              ) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title Ownable
           * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
           * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
           */
          contract Ownable {
              address private _owner;
              event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
              /**
               * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
               * account.
               */
              constructor () internal {
                  _owner = msg.sender;
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(address(0), _owner);
              }
              /**
               * @return the address of the owner.
               */
              function owner() public view returns (address) {
                  return _owner;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
               */
              modifier onlyOwner() {
                  require(isOwner());
                  _;
              }
              /**
               * @return true if `msg.sender` is the owner of the contract.
               */
              function isOwner() public view returns (bool) {
                  return msg.sender == _owner;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
               * It will not be possible to call the functions with the `onlyOwner`
               * modifier anymore.
               * @notice Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
               * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
               */
              function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, address(0));
                  _owner = address(0);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
               * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
               */
              function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
                  _transferOwnership(newOwner);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
               * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
               */
              function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
                  require(newOwner != address(0));
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
                  _owner = newOwner;
              }
          }
          

          File 2 of 5: RootChain
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Ownable} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol";
          contract ProxyStorage is Ownable {
              address internal proxyTo;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract ChainIdMixin {
            bytes constant public networkId = "199";
            uint256 constant public CHAINID = 199;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Governable} from "./governance/Governable.sol";
          import {IWithdrawManager} from "../root/withdrawManager/IWithdrawManager.sol";
          contract Registry is Governable {
              // @todo hardcode constants
              bytes32 private constant WETH_TOKEN = keccak256("wethToken");
              bytes32 private constant DEPOSIT_MANAGER = keccak256("depositManager");
              bytes32 private constant STAKE_MANAGER = keccak256("stakeManager");
              bytes32 private constant VALIDATOR_SHARE = keccak256("validatorShare");
              bytes32 private constant WITHDRAW_MANAGER = keccak256("withdrawManager");
              bytes32 private constant CHILD_CHAIN = keccak256("childChain");
              bytes32 private constant STATE_SENDER = keccak256("stateSender");
              bytes32 private constant SLASHING_MANAGER = keccak256("slashingManager");
              address public erc20Predicate;
              address public erc721Predicate;
              mapping(bytes32 => address) public contractMap;
              mapping(address => address) public rootToChildToken;
              mapping(address => address) public childToRootToken;
              mapping(address => bool) public proofValidatorContracts;
              mapping(address => bool) public isERC721;
              enum Type {Invalid, ERC20, ERC721, Custom}
              struct Predicate {
                  Type _type;
              }
              mapping(address => Predicate) public predicates;
              event TokenMapped(address indexed rootToken, address indexed childToken);
              event ProofValidatorAdded(address indexed validator, address indexed from);
              event ProofValidatorRemoved(address indexed validator, address indexed from);
              event PredicateAdded(address indexed predicate, address indexed from);
              event PredicateRemoved(address indexed predicate, address indexed from);
              event ContractMapUpdated(bytes32 indexed key, address indexed previousContract, address indexed newContract);
              constructor(address _governance) public Governable(_governance) {}
              function updateContractMap(bytes32 _key, address _address) external onlyGovernance {
                  emit ContractMapUpdated(_key, contractMap[_key], _address);
                  contractMap[_key] = _address;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Map root token to child token
               * @param _rootToken Token address on the root chain
               * @param _childToken Token address on the child chain
               * @param _isERC721 Is the token being mapped ERC721
               */
              function mapToken(
                  address _rootToken,
                  address _childToken,
                  bool _isERC721
              ) external onlyGovernance {
                  require(_rootToken != address(0x0) && _childToken != address(0x0), "INVALID_TOKEN_ADDRESS");
                  rootToChildToken[_rootToken] = _childToken;
                  childToRootToken[_childToken] = _rootToken;
                  isERC721[_rootToken] = _isERC721;
                  IWithdrawManager(contractMap[WITHDRAW_MANAGER]).createExitQueue(_rootToken);
                  emit TokenMapped(_rootToken, _childToken);
              }
              function addErc20Predicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicate != address(0x0), "Can not add null address as predicate");
                  erc20Predicate = predicate;
                  addPredicate(predicate, Type.ERC20);
              }
              function addErc721Predicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  erc721Predicate = predicate;
                  addPredicate(predicate, Type.ERC721);
              }
              function addPredicate(address predicate, Type _type) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicates[predicate]._type == Type.Invalid, "Predicate already added");
                  predicates[predicate]._type = _type;
                  emit PredicateAdded(predicate, msg.sender);
              }
              function removePredicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicates[predicate]._type != Type.Invalid, "Predicate does not exist");
                  delete predicates[predicate];
                  emit PredicateRemoved(predicate, msg.sender);
              }
              function getValidatorShareAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[VALIDATOR_SHARE];
              }
              function getWethTokenAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[WETH_TOKEN];
              }
              function getDepositManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[DEPOSIT_MANAGER];
              }
              function getStakeManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[STAKE_MANAGER];
              }
              function getSlashingManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[SLASHING_MANAGER];
              }
              function getWithdrawManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[WITHDRAW_MANAGER];
              }
              function getChildChainAndStateSender() public view returns (address, address) {
                  return (contractMap[CHILD_CHAIN], contractMap[STATE_SENDER]);
              }
              function isTokenMapped(address _token) public view returns (bool) {
                  return rootToChildToken[_token] != address(0x0);
              }
              function isTokenMappedAndIsErc721(address _token) public view returns (bool) {
                  require(isTokenMapped(_token), "TOKEN_NOT_MAPPED");
                  return isERC721[_token];
              }
              function isTokenMappedAndGetPredicate(address _token) public view returns (address) {
                  if (isTokenMappedAndIsErc721(_token)) {
                      return erc721Predicate;
                  }
                  return erc20Predicate;
              }
              function isChildTokenErc721(address childToken) public view returns (bool) {
                  address rootToken = childToRootToken[childToken];
                  require(rootToken != address(0x0), "Child token is not mapped");
                  return isERC721[rootToken];
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {IGovernance} from "./IGovernance.sol";
          contract Governable {
              IGovernance public governance;
              constructor(address _governance) public {
                  governance = IGovernance(_governance);
              }
              modifier onlyGovernance() {
                  _assertGovernance();
                  _;
              }
              function _assertGovernance() private view {
                  require(
                      msg.sender == address(governance),
                      "Only governance contract is authorized"
                  );
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {RLPReader} from "solidity-rlp/contracts/RLPReader.sol";
          import {SafeMath} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol";
          import {RootChainHeader, RootChainStorage} from "./RootChainStorage.sol";
          import {IStakeManager} from "../staking/stakeManager/IStakeManager.sol";
          import {IRootChain} from "./IRootChain.sol";
          import {Registry} from "../common/Registry.sol";
          contract RootChain is RootChainStorage, IRootChain {
              using SafeMath for uint256;
              using RLPReader for bytes;
              using RLPReader for RLPReader.RLPItem;
              struct ParameterData {
                  address proposer;
                  uint256 start;
                  uint256 end;
                  bytes32 rootHash;
                  bytes32 accountHash;
                  uint256 _borChainID;
                  uint256 epoch;
              }
              modifier onlyDepositManager() {
                  require(msg.sender == registry.getDepositManagerAddress(), "UNAUTHORIZED_DEPOSIT_MANAGER_ONLY");
                  _;
              }
              function submitHeaderBlock(bytes calldata data, bytes calldata sigs) external {
                  revert();
              }
              function submitCheckpoint(bytes calldata data, uint[3][] calldata sigs) external {
                  ParameterData memory _parameterData;
                  (_parameterData.proposer, _parameterData.start, _parameterData.end, _parameterData.rootHash, _parameterData.accountHash, _parameterData._borChainID, _parameterData.epoch) = abi
                      .decode(data, (address, uint256, uint256, bytes32, bytes32, uint256, uint256));
                  require(CHAINID == _parameterData._borChainID, "Invalid bor chain id");
                  require(_buildHeaderBlock(_parameterData.proposer, _parameterData.start, _parameterData.end, _parameterData.rootHash), "INCORRECT_HEADER_DATA");
                  // check if it is better to keep it in local storage instead
                  IStakeManager stakeManager = IStakeManager(registry.getStakeManagerAddress());
                  uint256 _reward = stakeManager.checkSignatures(
                      _parameterData.end.sub(_parameterData.start).add(1),
                      _parameterData.epoch,
                      /**  
                          prefix 01 to data 
                          01 represents positive vote on data and 00 is negative vote
                          malicious validator can try to send 2/3 on negative vote so 01 is appended
                       */
                      keccak256(abi.encodePacked(bytes(hex"01"), data)),
                      _parameterData.accountHash,
                      _parameterData.proposer,
                      sigs
                  );
                  require(_reward != 0, "Invalid checkpoint");
                  emit NewHeaderBlock(_parameterData.proposer, _nextHeaderBlock, _reward, _parameterData.start, _parameterData.end, _parameterData.rootHash);
                  _nextHeaderBlock = _nextHeaderBlock.add(MAX_DEPOSITS);
                  _blockDepositId = 1;
              }
              function updateDepositId(uint256 numDeposits) external onlyDepositManager returns (uint256 depositId) {
                  depositId = currentHeaderBlock().add(_blockDepositId);
                  // deposit ids will be (_blockDepositId, _blockDepositId + 1, .... _blockDepositId + numDeposits - 1)
                  _blockDepositId = _blockDepositId.add(numDeposits);
                  require(
                      // Since _blockDepositId is initialized to 1; only (MAX_DEPOSITS - 1) deposits per header block are allowed
                      _blockDepositId <= MAX_DEPOSITS,
                      "TOO_MANY_DEPOSITS"
                  );
              }
              function getLastChildBlock() external view returns (uint256) {
                  return headerBlocks[currentHeaderBlock()].end;
              }
              function slash() external {
                  //TODO: future implementation
              }
              function currentHeaderBlock() public view returns (uint256) {
                  return _nextHeaderBlock.sub(MAX_DEPOSITS);
              }
              function _buildHeaderBlock(
                  address proposer,
                  uint256 start,
                  uint256 end,
                  bytes32 rootHash
              ) private returns (bool) {
                  uint256 nextChildBlock;
                  /*
              The ID of the 1st header block is MAX_DEPOSITS.
              if _nextHeaderBlock == MAX_DEPOSITS, then the first header block is yet to be submitted, hence nextChildBlock = 0
              */
                  if (_nextHeaderBlock > MAX_DEPOSITS) {
                      nextChildBlock = headerBlocks[currentHeaderBlock()].end + 1;
                  }
                  if (nextChildBlock != start) {
                      return false;
                  }
                  HeaderBlock memory headerBlock = HeaderBlock({
                      root: rootHash,
                      start: nextChildBlock,
                      end: end,
                      createdAt: now,
                      proposer: proposer
                  });
                  headerBlocks[_nextHeaderBlock] = headerBlock;
                  return true;
              }
              // Housekeeping function. @todo remove later
              function setNextHeaderBlock(uint256 _value) public onlyOwner {
                  require(_value % MAX_DEPOSITS == 0, "Invalid value");
                  for (uint256 i = _value; i < _nextHeaderBlock; i += MAX_DEPOSITS) {
                      delete headerBlocks[i];
                  }
                  _nextHeaderBlock = _value;
                  _blockDepositId = 1;
                  emit ResetHeaderBlock(msg.sender, _nextHeaderBlock);
              }
              // Housekeeping function. @todo remove later
              function setHeimdallId(string memory _heimdallId) public onlyOwner {
                  heimdallId = keccak256(abi.encodePacked(_heimdallId));
              }
          }
          pragma solidity 0.5.17;
          contract IStakeManager {
              // validator replacement
              function startAuction(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes calldata signerPubkey
              ) external;
              function confirmAuctionBid(uint256 validatorId, uint256 heimdallFee) external;
              function transferFunds(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  address delegator
              ) external returns (bool);
              function delegationDeposit(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  address delegator
              ) external returns (bool);
              function unstake(uint256 validatorId) external;
              function totalStakedFor(address addr) external view returns (uint256);
              function stakeFor(
                  address user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 heimdallFee,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes memory signerPubkey
              ) public;
              function checkSignatures(
                  uint256 blockInterval,
                  uint256 epoch,
                  bytes32 voteHash,
                  bytes32 stateRoot,
                  address proposer,
                  uint[3][] calldata sigs
              ) external returns (uint256);
              function updateValidatorState(uint256 validatorId, int256 amount) public;
              function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address);
              function slash(bytes calldata slashingInfoList) external returns (uint256);
              function validatorStake(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (uint256);
              function epoch() public view returns (uint256);
              function getRegistry() public view returns (address);
              function withdrawalDelay() public view returns (uint256);
              function delegatedAmount(uint256 validatorId) public view returns(uint256);
              function decreaseValidatorDelegatedAmount(uint256 validatorId, uint256 amount) public;
              function withdrawDelegatorsReward(uint256 validatorId) public returns(uint256);
              function delegatorsReward(uint256 validatorId) public view returns(uint256);
              function dethroneAndStake(
                  address auctionUser,
                  uint256 heimdallFee,
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 auctionAmount,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes calldata signerPubkey
              ) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title SafeMath
           * @dev Unsigned math operations with safety checks that revert on error
           */
          library SafeMath {
              /**
               * @dev Multiplies two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow.
               */
              function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
                  // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
                  // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
                  if (a == 0) {
                      return 0;
                  }
                  uint256 c = a * b;
                  require(c / a == b);
                  return c;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Integer division of two unsigned integers truncating the quotient, reverts on division by zero.
               */
              function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
                  require(b > 0);
                  uint256 c = a / b;
                  // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
                  return c;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Subtracts two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
               */
              function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  require(b <= a);
                  uint256 c = a - b;
                  return c;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Adds two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow.
               */
              function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 c = a + b;
                  require(c >= a);
                  return c;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Divides two unsigned integers and returns the remainder (unsigned integer modulo),
               * reverts when dividing by zero.
               */
              function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  require(b != 0);
                  return a % b;
              }
          }
          // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
          /*
          * @author Hamdi Allam hamdi.allam97@gmail.com
          * Please reach out with any questions or concerns
          */
          pragma solidity >=0.5.0 <0.7.0;
          library RLPReader {
              uint8 constant STRING_SHORT_START = 0x80;
              uint8 constant STRING_LONG_START  = 0xb8;
              uint8 constant LIST_SHORT_START   = 0xc0;
              uint8 constant LIST_LONG_START    = 0xf8;
              uint8 constant WORD_SIZE = 32;
              struct RLPItem {
                  uint len;
                  uint memPtr;
              }
              struct Iterator {
                  RLPItem item;   // Item that's being iterated over.
                  uint nextPtr;   // Position of the next item in the list.
              }
              /*
              * @dev Returns the next element in the iteration. Reverts if it has not next element.
              * @param self The iterator.
              * @return The next element in the iteration.
              */
              function next(Iterator memory self) internal pure returns (RLPItem memory) {
                  require(hasNext(self));
                  uint ptr = self.nextPtr;
                  uint itemLength = _itemLength(ptr);
                  self.nextPtr = ptr + itemLength;
                  return RLPItem(itemLength, ptr);
              }
              /*
              * @dev Returns true if the iteration has more elements.
              * @param self The iterator.
              * @return true if the iteration has more elements.
              */
              function hasNext(Iterator memory self) internal pure returns (bool) {
                  RLPItem memory item = self.item;
                  return self.nextPtr < item.memPtr + item.len;
              }
              /*
              * @param item RLP encoded bytes
              */
              function toRlpItem(bytes memory item) internal pure returns (RLPItem memory) {
                  uint memPtr;
                  assembly {
                      memPtr := add(item, 0x20)
                  }
                  return RLPItem(item.length, memPtr);
              }
              /*
              * @dev Create an iterator. Reverts if item is not a list.
              * @param self The RLP item.
              * @return An 'Iterator' over the item.
              */
              function iterator(RLPItem memory self) internal pure returns (Iterator memory) {
                  require(isList(self));
                  uint ptr = self.memPtr + _payloadOffset(self.memPtr);
                  return Iterator(self, ptr);
              }
              /*
              * @param the RLP item.
              */
              function rlpLen(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint) {
                  return item.len;
              }
              /*
               * @param the RLP item.
               * @return (memPtr, len) pair: location of the item's payload in memory.
               */
              function payloadLocation(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint, uint) {
                  uint offset = _payloadOffset(item.memPtr);
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr + offset;
                  uint len = item.len - offset; // data length
                  return (memPtr, len);
              }
              /*
              * @param the RLP item.
              */
              function payloadLen(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint) {
                  (, uint len) = payloadLocation(item);
                  return len;
              }
              /*
              * @param the RLP item containing the encoded list.
              */
              function toList(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (RLPItem[] memory) {
                  require(isList(item));
                  uint items = numItems(item);
                  RLPItem[] memory result = new RLPItem[](items);
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr + _payloadOffset(item.memPtr);
                  uint dataLen;
                  for (uint i = 0; i < items; i++) {
                      dataLen = _itemLength(memPtr);
                      result[i] = RLPItem(dataLen, memPtr); 
                      memPtr = memPtr + dataLen;
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              // @return indicator whether encoded payload is a list. negate this function call for isData.
              function isList(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bool) {
                  if (item.len == 0) return false;
                  uint8 byte0;
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr;
                  assembly {
                      byte0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
                  }
                  if (byte0 < LIST_SHORT_START)
                      return false;
                  return true;
              }
              /*
               * @dev A cheaper version of keccak256(toRlpBytes(item)) that avoids copying memory.
               * @return keccak256 hash of RLP encoded bytes.
               */
              function rlpBytesKeccak256(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
                  uint256 ptr = item.memPtr;
                  uint256 len = item.len;
                  bytes32 result;
                  assembly {
                      result := keccak256(ptr, len)
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              /*
               * @dev A cheaper version of keccak256(toBytes(item)) that avoids copying memory.
               * @return keccak256 hash of the item payload.
               */
              function payloadKeccak256(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
                  (uint memPtr, uint len) = payloadLocation(item);
                  bytes32 result;
                  assembly {
                      result := keccak256(memPtr, len)
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              /** RLPItem conversions into data types **/
              // @returns raw rlp encoding in bytes
              function toRlpBytes(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
                  bytes memory result = new bytes(item.len);
                  if (result.length == 0) return result;
                  
                  uint ptr;
                  assembly {
                      ptr := add(0x20, result)
                  }
                  copy(item.memPtr, ptr, item.len);
                  return result;
              }
              // any non-zero byte except "0x80" is considered true
              function toBoolean(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bool) {
                  require(item.len == 1);
                  uint result;
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr;
                  assembly {
                      result := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
                  }
                  // SEE Github Issue #5.
                  // Summary: Most commonly used RLP libraries (i.e Geth) will encode
                  // "0" as "0x80" instead of as "0". We handle this edge case explicitly
                  // here.
                  if (result == 0 || result == STRING_SHORT_START) {
                      return false;
                  } else {
                      return true;
                  }
              }
              function toAddress(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (address) {
                  // 1 byte for the length prefix
                  require(item.len == 21);
                  return address(toUint(item));
              }
              function toUint(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint) {
                  require(item.len > 0 && item.len <= 33);
                  (uint memPtr, uint len) = payloadLocation(item);
                  uint result;
                  assembly {
                      result := mload(memPtr)
                      // shfit to the correct location if neccesary
                      if lt(len, 32) {
                          result := div(result, exp(256, sub(32, len)))
                      }
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              // enforces 32 byte length
              function toUintStrict(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint) {
                  // one byte prefix
                  require(item.len == 33);
                  uint result;
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr + 1;
                  assembly {
                      result := mload(memPtr)
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              function toBytes(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
                  require(item.len > 0);
                  (uint memPtr, uint len) = payloadLocation(item);
                  bytes memory result = new bytes(len);
                  uint destPtr;
                  assembly {
                      destPtr := add(0x20, result)
                  }
                  copy(memPtr, destPtr, len);
                  return result;
              }
              /*
              * Private Helpers
              */
              // @return number of payload items inside an encoded list.
              function numItems(RLPItem memory item) private pure returns (uint) {
                  if (item.len == 0) return 0;
                  uint count = 0;
                  uint currPtr = item.memPtr + _payloadOffset(item.memPtr);
                  uint endPtr = item.memPtr + item.len;
                  while (currPtr < endPtr) {
                     currPtr = currPtr + _itemLength(currPtr); // skip over an item
                     count++;
                  }
                  return count;
              }
              // @return entire rlp item byte length
              function _itemLength(uint memPtr) private pure returns (uint) {
                  uint itemLen;
                  uint byte0;
                  assembly {
                      byte0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
                  }
                  if (byte0 < STRING_SHORT_START)
                      itemLen = 1;
                  
                  else if (byte0 < STRING_LONG_START)
                      itemLen = byte0 - STRING_SHORT_START + 1;
                  else if (byte0 < LIST_SHORT_START) {
                      assembly {
                          let byteLen := sub(byte0, 0xb7) // # of bytes the actual length is
                          memPtr := add(memPtr, 1) // skip over the first byte
                          
                          /* 32 byte word size */
                          let dataLen := div(mload(memPtr), exp(256, sub(32, byteLen))) // right shifting to get the len
                          itemLen := add(dataLen, add(byteLen, 1))
                      }
                  }
                  else if (byte0 < LIST_LONG_START) {
                      itemLen = byte0 - LIST_SHORT_START + 1;
                  } 
                  else {
                      assembly {
                          let byteLen := sub(byte0, 0xf7)
                          memPtr := add(memPtr, 1)
                          let dataLen := div(mload(memPtr), exp(256, sub(32, byteLen))) // right shifting to the correct length
                          itemLen := add(dataLen, add(byteLen, 1))
                      }
                  }
                  return itemLen;
              }
              // @return number of bytes until the data
              function _payloadOffset(uint memPtr) private pure returns (uint) {
                  uint byte0;
                  assembly {
                      byte0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
                  }
                  if (byte0 < STRING_SHORT_START) 
                      return 0;
                  else if (byte0 < STRING_LONG_START || (byte0 >= LIST_SHORT_START && byte0 < LIST_LONG_START))
                      return 1;
                  else if (byte0 < LIST_SHORT_START)  // being explicit
                      return byte0 - (STRING_LONG_START - 1) + 1;
                  else
                      return byte0 - (LIST_LONG_START - 1) + 1;
              }
              /*
              * @param src Pointer to source
              * @param dest Pointer to destination
              * @param len Amount of memory to copy from the source
              */
              function copy(uint src, uint dest, uint len) private pure {
                  if (len == 0) return;
                  // copy as many word sizes as possible
                  for (; len >= WORD_SIZE; len -= WORD_SIZE) {
                      assembly {
                          mstore(dest, mload(src))
                      }
                      src += WORD_SIZE;
                      dest += WORD_SIZE;
                  }
                  if (len > 0) {
                      // left over bytes. Mask is used to remove unwanted bytes from the word
                      uint mask = 256 ** (WORD_SIZE - len) - 1;
                      assembly {
                          let srcpart := and(mload(src), not(mask)) // zero out src
                          let destpart := and(mload(dest), mask) // retrieve the bytes
                          mstore(dest, or(destpart, srcpart))
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          interface IGovernance {
              function update(address target, bytes calldata data) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Registry} from "../common/Registry.sol";
          import {ProxyStorage} from "../common/misc/ProxyStorage.sol";
          import {ChainIdMixin} from "../common/mixin/ChainIdMixin.sol";
          contract RootChainHeader {
              event NewHeaderBlock(
                  address indexed proposer,
                  uint256 indexed headerBlockId,
                  uint256 indexed reward,
                  uint256 start,
                  uint256 end,
                  bytes32 root
              );
              // housekeeping event
              event ResetHeaderBlock(address indexed proposer, uint256 indexed headerBlockId);
              struct HeaderBlock {
                  bytes32 root;
                  uint256 start;
                  uint256 end;
                  uint256 createdAt;
                  address proposer;
              }
          }
          contract RootChainStorage is ProxyStorage, RootChainHeader, ChainIdMixin {
              bytes32 public heimdallId;
              uint8 public constant VOTE_TYPE = 2;
              uint16 internal constant MAX_DEPOSITS = 10000;
              uint256 public _nextHeaderBlock = MAX_DEPOSITS;
              uint256 internal _blockDepositId = 1;
              mapping(uint256 => HeaderBlock) public headerBlocks;
              Registry internal registry;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          interface IRootChain {
              function slash() external;
              function submitHeaderBlock(bytes calldata data, bytes calldata sigs)
                  external;
              
              function submitCheckpoint(bytes calldata data, uint[3][] calldata sigs)
                  external;
              function getLastChildBlock() external view returns (uint256);
              function currentHeaderBlock() external view returns (uint256);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract IWithdrawManager {
              function createExitQueue(address token) external;
              function verifyInclusion(
                  bytes calldata data,
                  uint8 offset,
                  bool verifyTxInclusion
              ) external view returns (uint256 age);
              function addExitToQueue(
                  address exitor,
                  address childToken,
                  address rootToken,
                  uint256 exitAmountOrTokenId,
                  bytes32 txHash,
                  bool isRegularExit,
                  uint256 priority
              ) external;
              function addInput(
                  uint256 exitId,
                  uint256 age,
                  address utxoOwner,
                  address token
              ) external;
              function challengeExit(
                  uint256 exitId,
                  uint256 inputId,
                  bytes calldata challengeData,
                  address adjudicatorPredicate
              ) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title Ownable
           * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
           * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
           */
          contract Ownable {
              address private _owner;
              event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
              /**
               * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
               * account.
               */
              constructor () internal {
                  _owner = msg.sender;
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(address(0), _owner);
              }
              /**
               * @return the address of the owner.
               */
              function owner() public view returns (address) {
                  return _owner;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
               */
              modifier onlyOwner() {
                  require(isOwner());
                  _;
              }
              /**
               * @return true if `msg.sender` is the owner of the contract.
               */
              function isOwner() public view returns (bool) {
                  return msg.sender == _owner;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
               * It will not be possible to call the functions with the `onlyOwner`
               * modifier anymore.
               * @notice Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
               * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
               */
              function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, address(0));
                  _owner = address(0);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
               * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
               */
              function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
                  _transferOwnership(newOwner);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
               * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
               */
              function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
                  require(newOwner != address(0));
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
                  _owner = newOwner;
              }
          }
          

          File 3 of 5: Registry
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          interface IGovernance {
              function update(address target, bytes calldata data) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Governable} from "./governance/Governable.sol";
          import {IWithdrawManager} from "../root/withdrawManager/IWithdrawManager.sol";
          contract Registry is Governable {
              // @todo hardcode constants
              bytes32 private constant WETH_TOKEN = keccak256("wethToken");
              bytes32 private constant DEPOSIT_MANAGER = keccak256("depositManager");
              bytes32 private constant STAKE_MANAGER = keccak256("stakeManager");
              bytes32 private constant VALIDATOR_SHARE = keccak256("validatorShare");
              bytes32 private constant WITHDRAW_MANAGER = keccak256("withdrawManager");
              bytes32 private constant CHILD_CHAIN = keccak256("childChain");
              bytes32 private constant STATE_SENDER = keccak256("stateSender");
              bytes32 private constant SLASHING_MANAGER = keccak256("slashingManager");
              address public erc20Predicate;
              address public erc721Predicate;
              mapping(bytes32 => address) public contractMap;
              mapping(address => address) public rootToChildToken;
              mapping(address => address) public childToRootToken;
              mapping(address => bool) public proofValidatorContracts;
              mapping(address => bool) public isERC721;
              enum Type {Invalid, ERC20, ERC721, Custom}
              struct Predicate {
                  Type _type;
              }
              mapping(address => Predicate) public predicates;
              event TokenMapped(address indexed rootToken, address indexed childToken);
              event ProofValidatorAdded(address indexed validator, address indexed from);
              event ProofValidatorRemoved(address indexed validator, address indexed from);
              event PredicateAdded(address indexed predicate, address indexed from);
              event PredicateRemoved(address indexed predicate, address indexed from);
              event ContractMapUpdated(bytes32 indexed key, address indexed previousContract, address indexed newContract);
              constructor(address _governance) public Governable(_governance) {}
              function updateContractMap(bytes32 _key, address _address) external onlyGovernance {
                  emit ContractMapUpdated(_key, contractMap[_key], _address);
                  contractMap[_key] = _address;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Map root token to child token
               * @param _rootToken Token address on the root chain
               * @param _childToken Token address on the child chain
               * @param _isERC721 Is the token being mapped ERC721
               */
              function mapToken(
                  address _rootToken,
                  address _childToken,
                  bool _isERC721
              ) external onlyGovernance {
                  require(_rootToken != address(0x0) && _childToken != address(0x0), "INVALID_TOKEN_ADDRESS");
                  rootToChildToken[_rootToken] = _childToken;
                  childToRootToken[_childToken] = _rootToken;
                  isERC721[_rootToken] = _isERC721;
                  IWithdrawManager(contractMap[WITHDRAW_MANAGER]).createExitQueue(_rootToken);
                  emit TokenMapped(_rootToken, _childToken);
              }
              function addErc20Predicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicate != address(0x0), "Can not add null address as predicate");
                  erc20Predicate = predicate;
                  addPredicate(predicate, Type.ERC20);
              }
              function addErc721Predicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  erc721Predicate = predicate;
                  addPredicate(predicate, Type.ERC721);
              }
              function addPredicate(address predicate, Type _type) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicates[predicate]._type == Type.Invalid, "Predicate already added");
                  predicates[predicate]._type = _type;
                  emit PredicateAdded(predicate, msg.sender);
              }
              function removePredicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicates[predicate]._type != Type.Invalid, "Predicate does not exist");
                  delete predicates[predicate];
                  emit PredicateRemoved(predicate, msg.sender);
              }
              function getValidatorShareAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[VALIDATOR_SHARE];
              }
              function getWethTokenAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[WETH_TOKEN];
              }
              function getDepositManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[DEPOSIT_MANAGER];
              }
              function getStakeManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[STAKE_MANAGER];
              }
              function getSlashingManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[SLASHING_MANAGER];
              }
              function getWithdrawManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[WITHDRAW_MANAGER];
              }
              function getChildChainAndStateSender() public view returns (address, address) {
                  return (contractMap[CHILD_CHAIN], contractMap[STATE_SENDER]);
              }
              function isTokenMapped(address _token) public view returns (bool) {
                  return rootToChildToken[_token] != address(0x0);
              }
              function isTokenMappedAndIsErc721(address _token) public view returns (bool) {
                  require(isTokenMapped(_token), "TOKEN_NOT_MAPPED");
                  return isERC721[_token];
              }
              function isTokenMappedAndGetPredicate(address _token) public view returns (address) {
                  if (isTokenMappedAndIsErc721(_token)) {
                      return erc721Predicate;
                  }
                  return erc20Predicate;
              }
              function isChildTokenErc721(address childToken) public view returns (bool) {
                  address rootToken = childToRootToken[childToken];
                  require(rootToken != address(0x0), "Child token is not mapped");
                  return isERC721[rootToken];
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {IGovernance} from "./IGovernance.sol";
          contract Governable {
              IGovernance public governance;
              constructor(address _governance) public {
                  governance = IGovernance(_governance);
              }
              modifier onlyGovernance() {
                  _assertGovernance();
                  _;
              }
              function _assertGovernance() private view {
                  require(
                      msg.sender == address(governance),
                      "Only governance contract is authorized"
                  );
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract IWithdrawManager {
              function createExitQueue(address token) external;
              function verifyInclusion(
                  bytes calldata data,
                  uint8 offset,
                  bool verifyTxInclusion
              ) external view returns (uint256 age);
              function addExitToQueue(
                  address exitor,
                  address childToken,
                  address rootToken,
                  uint256 exitAmountOrTokenId,
                  bytes32 txHash,
                  bool isRegularExit,
                  uint256 priority
              ) external;
              function addInput(
                  uint256 exitId,
                  uint256 age,
                  address utxoOwner,
                  address token
              ) external;
              function challengeExit(
                  uint256 exitId,
                  uint256 inputId,
                  bytes calldata challengeData,
                  address adjudicatorPredicate
              ) external;
          }
          

          File 4 of 5: StakeManagerProxy
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract DelegateProxyForwarder {
              function delegatedFwd(address _dst, bytes memory _calldata) internal {
                  // solium-disable-next-line security/no-inline-assembly
                  assembly {
                      let result := delegatecall(
                          sub(gas, 10000),
                          _dst,
                          add(_calldata, 0x20),
                          mload(_calldata),
                          0,
                          0
                      )
                      let size := returndatasize
                      let ptr := mload(0x40)
                      returndatacopy(ptr, 0, size)
                      // revert instead of invalid() bc if the underlying call failed with invalid() it already wasted gas.
                      // if the call returned error data, forward it
                      switch result
                          case 0 {
                              revert(ptr, size)
                          }
                          default {
                              return(ptr, size)
                          }
                  }
              }
              
              function isContract(address _target) internal view returns (bool) {
                  if (_target == address(0)) {
                      return false;
                  }
                  uint256 size;
                  assembly {
                      size := extcodesize(_target)
                  }
                  return size > 0;
              }
          }
          /*
           * SPDX-License-Identitifer:    MIT
           */
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          // See https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-897.md
          interface ERCProxy {
              function proxyType() external pure returns (uint256 proxyTypeId);
              function implementation() external view returns (address codeAddr);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {UpgradableProxy} from "../../common/misc/UpgradableProxy.sol";
          contract StakeManagerProxy is UpgradableProxy {
              constructor(address _proxyTo) public UpgradableProxy(_proxyTo) {}
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {ERCProxy} from "./ERCProxy.sol";
          import {DelegateProxyForwarder} from "./DelegateProxyForwarder.sol";
          contract DelegateProxy is ERCProxy, DelegateProxyForwarder {
              function proxyType() external pure returns (uint256 proxyTypeId) {
                  // Upgradeable proxy
                  proxyTypeId = 2;
              }
              function implementation() external view returns (address);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {DelegateProxy} from "./DelegateProxy.sol";
          contract UpgradableProxy is DelegateProxy {
              event ProxyUpdated(address indexed _new, address indexed _old);
              event OwnerUpdate(address _new, address _old);
              bytes32 constant IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = keccak256("matic.network.proxy.implementation");
              bytes32 constant OWNER_SLOT = keccak256("matic.network.proxy.owner");
              constructor(address _proxyTo) public {
                  setOwner(msg.sender);
                  setImplementation(_proxyTo);
              }
              function() external payable {
                  // require(currentContract != 0, "If app code has not been set yet, do not call");
                  // Todo: filter out some calls or handle in the end fallback
                  delegatedFwd(loadImplementation(), msg.data);
              }
              modifier onlyProxyOwner() {
                  require(loadOwner() == msg.sender, "NOT_OWNER");
                  _;
              }
              function owner() external view returns(address) {
                  return loadOwner();
              }
              function loadOwner() internal view returns(address) {
                  address _owner;
                  bytes32 position = OWNER_SLOT;
                  assembly {
                      _owner := sload(position)
                  }
                  return _owner;
              }
              function implementation() external view returns (address) {
                  return loadImplementation();
              }
              function loadImplementation() internal view returns(address) {
                  address _impl;
                  bytes32 position = IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT;
                  assembly {
                      _impl := sload(position)
                  }
                  return _impl;
              }
              function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyProxyOwner {
                  require(newOwner != address(0), "ZERO_ADDRESS");
                  emit OwnerUpdate(newOwner, loadOwner());
                  setOwner(newOwner);
              }
              function setOwner(address newOwner) private {
                  bytes32 position = OWNER_SLOT;
                  assembly {
                      sstore(position, newOwner)
                  }
              }
              function updateImplementation(address _newProxyTo) public onlyProxyOwner {
                  require(_newProxyTo != address(0x0), "INVALID_PROXY_ADDRESS");
                  require(isContract(_newProxyTo), "DESTINATION_ADDRESS_IS_NOT_A_CONTRACT");
                  emit ProxyUpdated(_newProxyTo, loadImplementation());
                  
                  setImplementation(_newProxyTo);
              }
              function updateAndCall(address _newProxyTo, bytes memory data) payable public onlyProxyOwner {
                  updateImplementation(_newProxyTo);
                  (bool success, bytes memory returnData) = address(this).call.value(msg.value)(data);
                  require(success, string(returnData));
              }
              function setImplementation(address _newProxyTo) private {
                  bytes32 position = IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT;
                  assembly {
                      sstore(position, _newProxyTo)
                  }
              }
          }
          

          File 5 of 5: StakeManager
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "../math/SafeMath.sol";
          /**
           * @title Counters
           * @author Matt Condon (@shrugs)
           * @dev Provides counters that can only be incremented or decremented by one. This can be used e.g. to track the number
           * of elements in a mapping, issuing ERC721 ids, or counting request ids
           *
           * Include with `using Counters for Counters.Counter;`
           * Since it is not possible to overflow a 256 bit integer with increments of one, `increment` can skip the SafeMath
           * overflow check, thereby saving gas. This does assume however correct usage, in that the underlying `_value` is never
           * directly accessed.
           */
          library Counters {
              using SafeMath for uint256;
              struct Counter {
                  // This variable should never be directly accessed by users of the library: interactions must be restricted to
                  // the library's function. As of Solidity v0.5.2, this cannot be enforced, though there is a proposal to add
                  // this feature: see https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/issues/4637
                  uint256 _value; // default: 0
              }
              function current(Counter storage counter) internal view returns (uint256) {
                  return counter._value;
              }
              function increment(Counter storage counter) internal {
                  counter._value += 1;
              }
              function decrement(Counter storage counter) internal {
                  counter._value = counter._value.sub(1);
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract Lockable {
              bool public locked;
              modifier onlyWhenUnlocked() {
                  _assertUnlocked();
                  _;
              }
              function _assertUnlocked() private view {
                  require(!locked, "locked");
              }
              function lock() public {
                  locked = true;
              }
              function unlock() public {
                  locked = false;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721Full.sol";
          import {Ownable} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol";
          contract StakingNFT is ERC721Full, Ownable {
              constructor(string memory name, string memory symbol)
                  public
                  ERC721Full(name, symbol)
              {
                  // solhint-disable-previous-line no-empty-blocks
              }
              function mint(address to, uint256 tokenId) public onlyOwner {
                  require(
                      balanceOf(to) == 0,
                      "Validators MUST NOT own multiple stake position"
                  );
                  _mint(to, tokenId);
              }
              function burn(uint256 tokenId) public onlyOwner {
                  _burn(tokenId);
              }
              function _transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  require(
                      balanceOf(to) == 0,
                      "Validators MUST NOT own multiple stake position"
                  );
                  super._transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Governable} from "./governance/Governable.sol";
          import {IWithdrawManager} from "../root/withdrawManager/IWithdrawManager.sol";
          contract Registry is Governable {
              // @todo hardcode constants
              bytes32 private constant WETH_TOKEN = keccak256("wethToken");
              bytes32 private constant DEPOSIT_MANAGER = keccak256("depositManager");
              bytes32 private constant STAKE_MANAGER = keccak256("stakeManager");
              bytes32 private constant VALIDATOR_SHARE = keccak256("validatorShare");
              bytes32 private constant WITHDRAW_MANAGER = keccak256("withdrawManager");
              bytes32 private constant CHILD_CHAIN = keccak256("childChain");
              bytes32 private constant STATE_SENDER = keccak256("stateSender");
              bytes32 private constant SLASHING_MANAGER = keccak256("slashingManager");
              address public erc20Predicate;
              address public erc721Predicate;
              mapping(bytes32 => address) public contractMap;
              mapping(address => address) public rootToChildToken;
              mapping(address => address) public childToRootToken;
              mapping(address => bool) public proofValidatorContracts;
              mapping(address => bool) public isERC721;
              enum Type {Invalid, ERC20, ERC721, Custom}
              struct Predicate {
                  Type _type;
              }
              mapping(address => Predicate) public predicates;
              event TokenMapped(address indexed rootToken, address indexed childToken);
              event ProofValidatorAdded(address indexed validator, address indexed from);
              event ProofValidatorRemoved(address indexed validator, address indexed from);
              event PredicateAdded(address indexed predicate, address indexed from);
              event PredicateRemoved(address indexed predicate, address indexed from);
              event ContractMapUpdated(bytes32 indexed key, address indexed previousContract, address indexed newContract);
              constructor(address _governance) public Governable(_governance) {}
              function updateContractMap(bytes32 _key, address _address) external onlyGovernance {
                  emit ContractMapUpdated(_key, contractMap[_key], _address);
                  contractMap[_key] = _address;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Map root token to child token
               * @param _rootToken Token address on the root chain
               * @param _childToken Token address on the child chain
               * @param _isERC721 Is the token being mapped ERC721
               */
              function mapToken(
                  address _rootToken,
                  address _childToken,
                  bool _isERC721
              ) external onlyGovernance {
                  require(_rootToken != address(0x0) && _childToken != address(0x0), "INVALID_TOKEN_ADDRESS");
                  rootToChildToken[_rootToken] = _childToken;
                  childToRootToken[_childToken] = _rootToken;
                  isERC721[_rootToken] = _isERC721;
                  IWithdrawManager(contractMap[WITHDRAW_MANAGER]).createExitQueue(_rootToken);
                  emit TokenMapped(_rootToken, _childToken);
              }
              function addErc20Predicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicate != address(0x0), "Can not add null address as predicate");
                  erc20Predicate = predicate;
                  addPredicate(predicate, Type.ERC20);
              }
              function addErc721Predicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  erc721Predicate = predicate;
                  addPredicate(predicate, Type.ERC721);
              }
              function addPredicate(address predicate, Type _type) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicates[predicate]._type == Type.Invalid, "Predicate already added");
                  predicates[predicate]._type = _type;
                  emit PredicateAdded(predicate, msg.sender);
              }
              function removePredicate(address predicate) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(predicates[predicate]._type != Type.Invalid, "Predicate does not exist");
                  delete predicates[predicate];
                  emit PredicateRemoved(predicate, msg.sender);
              }
              function getValidatorShareAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[VALIDATOR_SHARE];
              }
              function getWethTokenAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[WETH_TOKEN];
              }
              function getDepositManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[DEPOSIT_MANAGER];
              }
              function getStakeManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[STAKE_MANAGER];
              }
              function getSlashingManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[SLASHING_MANAGER];
              }
              function getWithdrawManagerAddress() public view returns (address) {
                  return contractMap[WITHDRAW_MANAGER];
              }
              function getChildChainAndStateSender() public view returns (address, address) {
                  return (contractMap[CHILD_CHAIN], contractMap[STATE_SENDER]);
              }
              function isTokenMapped(address _token) public view returns (bool) {
                  return rootToChildToken[_token] != address(0x0);
              }
              function isTokenMappedAndIsErc721(address _token) public view returns (bool) {
                  require(isTokenMapped(_token), "TOKEN_NOT_MAPPED");
                  return isERC721[_token];
              }
              function isTokenMappedAndGetPredicate(address _token) public view returns (address) {
                  if (isTokenMappedAndIsErc721(_token)) {
                      return erc721Predicate;
                  }
                  return erc20Predicate;
              }
              function isChildTokenErc721(address childToken) public view returns (bool) {
                  address rootToken = childToRootToken[childToken];
                  require(rootToken != address(0x0), "Child token is not mapped");
                  return isERC721[rootToken];
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import { Lockable } from "./Lockable.sol";
          import { Ownable } from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol";
          contract OwnableLockable is Lockable, Ownable {
              function lock() public onlyOwner {
                  super.lock();
              }
              function unlock() public onlyOwner {
                  super.unlock();
              }
          }
          /*
           * SPDX-License-Identitifer:    MIT
           */
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          // See https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-897.md
          interface ERCProxy {
              function proxyType() external pure returns (uint256 proxyTypeId);
              function implementation() external view returns (address codeAddr);
          }
          pragma solidity 0.5.17;
          import {IERC20} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
          import {Math} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/Math.sol";
          import {SafeMath} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol";
          import {RLPReader} from "solidity-rlp/contracts/RLPReader.sol";
          import {BytesLib} from "../../common/lib/BytesLib.sol";
          import {ECVerify} from "../../common/lib/ECVerify.sol";
          import {Merkle} from "../../common/lib/Merkle.sol";
          import {GovernanceLockable} from "../../common/mixin/GovernanceLockable.sol";
          import {DelegateProxyForwarder} from "../../common/misc/DelegateProxyForwarder.sol";
          import {Registry} from "../../common/Registry.sol";
          import {IStakeManager} from "./IStakeManager.sol";
          import {IValidatorShare} from "../validatorShare/IValidatorShare.sol";
          import {ValidatorShare} from "../validatorShare/ValidatorShare.sol";
          import {StakingInfo} from "../StakingInfo.sol";
          import {StakingNFT} from "./StakingNFT.sol";
          import {ValidatorShareFactory} from "../validatorShare/ValidatorShareFactory.sol";
          import {StakeManagerStorage} from "./StakeManagerStorage.sol";
          import {StakeManagerStorageExtension} from "./StakeManagerStorageExtension.sol";
          import {IGovernance} from "../../common/governance/IGovernance.sol";
          import {Initializable} from "../../common/mixin/Initializable.sol";
          import {StakeManagerExtension} from "./StakeManagerExtension.sol";
          contract StakeManager is
              StakeManagerStorage,
              Initializable,
              IStakeManager,
              DelegateProxyForwarder,
              StakeManagerStorageExtension
          {
              using SafeMath for uint256;
              using Merkle for bytes32;
              using RLPReader for bytes;
              using RLPReader for RLPReader.RLPItem;
              struct UnsignedValidatorsContext {
                  uint256 unsignedValidatorIndex;
                  uint256 validatorIndex;
                  uint256[] unsignedValidators;
                  address[] validators;
                  uint256 totalValidators;
              }
              struct UnstakedValidatorsContext {
                  uint256 deactivationEpoch;
                  uint256[] deactivatedValidators;
                  uint256 validatorIndex;
              }
              modifier onlyStaker(uint256 validatorId) {
                  _assertStaker(validatorId);
                  _;
              }
              function _assertStaker(uint256 validatorId) private view {
                  require(NFTContract.ownerOf(validatorId) == msg.sender);
              }
              modifier onlyDelegation(uint256 validatorId) {
                  _assertDelegation(validatorId);
                  _;
              }
              function _assertDelegation(uint256 validatorId) private view {
                  require(validators[validatorId].contractAddress == msg.sender, "Invalid contract address");
              }
              constructor() public GovernanceLockable(address(0x0)) {}
              function initialize(
                  address _registry,
                  address _rootchain,
                  address _token,
                  address _NFTContract,
                  address _stakingLogger,
                  address _validatorShareFactory,
                  address _governance,
                  address _owner,
                  address _extensionCode
              ) external initializer {
                  require(isContract(_extensionCode), "auction impl incorrect");
                  extensionCode = _extensionCode;
                  governance = IGovernance(_governance);
                  registry = _registry;
                  rootChain = _rootchain;
                  token = IERC20(_token);
                  NFTContract = StakingNFT(_NFTContract);
                  logger = StakingInfo(_stakingLogger);
                  validatorShareFactory = ValidatorShareFactory(_validatorShareFactory);
                  _transferOwnership(_owner);
                  WITHDRAWAL_DELAY = 80; // unit: epoch
                  currentEpoch = 1;
                  dynasty = 80; // unit: epoch 50 days
                  CHECKPOINT_REWARD = 20188 * (10**18); // update via governance
                  minDeposit = (10**18); // in ERC20 token
                  minHeimdallFee = (10**18); // in ERC20 token
                  checkPointBlockInterval = 5120;
                  signerUpdateLimit = 100;
                  validatorThreshold = 7; //128
                  NFTCounter = 1;
                  auctionPeriod = (2**13) / 4; // 1 week in epochs
                  proposerBonus = 10; // 10 % of total rewards
                  delegationEnabled = true;
              }
              function isOwner() public view returns (bool) {
                  address _owner;
                  bytes32 position = keccak256("matic.network.proxy.owner");
                  assembly {
                      _owner := sload(position)
                  }
                  return msg.sender == _owner;
              }
              /**
                  Public View Methods
               */
              function getRegistry() public view returns (address) {
                  return registry;
              }
              /**
                  @dev Owner of validator slot NFT
               */
              function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address) {
                  return NFTContract.ownerOf(tokenId);
              }
              function epoch() public view returns (uint256) {
                  return currentEpoch;
              }
              function withdrawalDelay() public view returns (uint256) {
                  return WITHDRAWAL_DELAY;
              }
              function validatorStake(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (uint256) {
                  return validators[validatorId].amount;
              }
              function getValidatorId(address user) public view returns (uint256) {
                  return NFTContract.tokenOfOwnerByIndex(user, 0);
              }
              function delegatedAmount(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (uint256) {
                  return validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount;
              }
              function delegatorsReward(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (uint256) {
                  (, uint256 _delegatorsReward) = _evaluateValidatorAndDelegationReward(validatorId);
                  return validators[validatorId].delegatorsReward.add(_delegatorsReward).sub(INITIALIZED_AMOUNT);
              }
              function validatorReward(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 _validatorReward;
                  if (validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch == 0) {
                      (_validatorReward, ) = _evaluateValidatorAndDelegationReward(validatorId);
                  }
                  return validators[validatorId].reward.add(_validatorReward).sub(INITIALIZED_AMOUNT);
              }
              function currentValidatorSetSize() public view returns (uint256) {
                  return validatorState.stakerCount;
              }
              function currentValidatorSetTotalStake() public view returns (uint256) {
                  return validatorState.amount;
              }
              function getValidatorContract(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (address) {
                  return validators[validatorId].contractAddress;
              }
              function isValidator(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (bool) {
                  return
                      _isValidator(
                          validators[validatorId].status,
                          validators[validatorId].amount,
                          validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch,
                          currentEpoch
                      );
              }
              function validatorNonce(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (uint256) {
                  return logger.validatorNonce(validatorId);
              }
              /**
                  Governance Methods
               */
          //    function setDelegationEnabled(bool enabled) public onlyGovernance {
          //        delegationEnabled = enabled;
          //    }
              // Housekeeping function. @todo remove later
          //    function forceUnstake(uint256 validatorId) external onlyGovernance {
          //        _unstake(validatorId, currentEpoch);
          //    }
              function setCurrentEpoch(uint256 _currentEpoch) external onlyGovernance {
                  currentEpoch = _currentEpoch;
              }
              function setStakingToken(address _token) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(_token != address(0x0));
                  token = IERC20(_token);
              }
              /**
                  @dev Change the number of validators required to allow a passed header root
               */
              function updateValidatorThreshold(uint256 newThreshold) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(newThreshold != 0);
                  logger.logThresholdChange(newThreshold, validatorThreshold);
                  validatorThreshold = newThreshold;
              }
              function updateCheckPointBlockInterval(uint256 _blocks) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(_blocks != 0);
                  checkPointBlockInterval = _blocks;
              }
              function updateCheckpointReward(uint256 newReward) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(newReward != 0);
                  logger.logRewardUpdate(newReward, CHECKPOINT_REWARD);
                  CHECKPOINT_REWARD = newReward;
              }
              function updateCheckpointRewardParams(
                  uint256 _rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint,
                  uint256 _maxRewardedCheckpoints,
                  uint256 _checkpointRewardDelta
              ) public onlyGovernance {
                  delegatedFwd(
                      extensionCode,
                      abi.encodeWithSelector(
                          StakeManagerExtension(extensionCode).updateCheckpointRewardParams.selector,
                          _rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint,
                          _maxRewardedCheckpoints,
                          _checkpointRewardDelta
                      )
                  );
              }
              // New implementation upgrade
              function migrateValidatorsData(uint256 validatorIdFrom, uint256 validatorIdTo) public onlyOwner {
                  delegatedFwd(
                      extensionCode,
                      abi.encodeWithSelector(
                          StakeManagerExtension(extensionCode).migrateValidatorsData.selector,
                          validatorIdFrom,
                          validatorIdTo
                      )
                  );
              }
              function insertSigners(address[] memory _signers) public onlyOwner {
                  signers = _signers;
              }
              /**
                  @dev Users must exit before this update or all funds may get lost
               */
              function updateValidatorContractAddress(uint256 validatorId, address newContractAddress) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(IValidatorShare(newContractAddress).owner() == address(this));
                  validators[validatorId].contractAddress = newContractAddress;
              }
              function updateDynastyValue(uint256 newDynasty) public onlyGovernance {
                  require(newDynasty > 0);
                  logger.logDynastyValueChange(newDynasty, dynasty);
                  dynasty = newDynasty;
                  WITHDRAWAL_DELAY = newDynasty;
                  auctionPeriod = newDynasty.div(4);
                  replacementCoolDown = currentEpoch.add(auctionPeriod);
              }
              // Housekeeping function. @todo remove later
              function stopAuctions(uint256 forNCheckpoints) public onlyGovernance {
                  replacementCoolDown = currentEpoch.add(forNCheckpoints);
              }
              function updateProposerBonus(uint256 newProposerBonus) public onlyGovernance {
                  logger.logProposerBonusChange(newProposerBonus, proposerBonus);
                  require(newProposerBonus <= MAX_PROPOSER_BONUS, "too big");
                  proposerBonus = newProposerBonus;
              }
              function updateSignerUpdateLimit(uint256 _limit) public onlyGovernance {
                  signerUpdateLimit = _limit;
              }
              function updateMinAmounts(uint256 _minDeposit, uint256 _minHeimdallFee) public onlyGovernance {
                  minDeposit = _minDeposit;
                  minHeimdallFee = _minHeimdallFee;
              }
              function drainValidatorShares(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address tokenAddr,
                  address payable destination,
                  uint256 amount
              ) external onlyGovernance {
                  address contractAddr = validators[validatorId].contractAddress;
                  require(contractAddr != address(0x0));
                  IValidatorShare(contractAddr).drain(tokenAddr, destination, amount);
              }
              function drain(address destination, uint256 amount) external onlyGovernance {
                  _transferToken(destination, amount);
              }
              function reinitialize(
                  address _NFTContract,
                  address _stakingLogger,
                  address _validatorShareFactory,
                  address _extensionCode
              ) external onlyGovernance {
                  require(isContract(_extensionCode));
                  eventsHub = address(0x0);
                  extensionCode = _extensionCode;
                  NFTContract = StakingNFT(_NFTContract);
                  logger = StakingInfo(_stakingLogger);
                  validatorShareFactory = ValidatorShareFactory(_validatorShareFactory);
              }
              function setValidator(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address signer,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 activationEpoch,
                  uint256 delegatedAmount
              ) public onlyGovernance {
                  _setValidator(validatorId, signer, amount, activationEpoch, delegatedAmount);
              }
              function forceDelValidator(uint256 validatorId) public onlyGovernance {
                  validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch = currentEpoch;
                  validators[validatorId].status = Status.Unstaked;
                  uint256 amount = validators[validatorId].amount;
                  int256 delegationAmount = int256(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
                  updateTimeline(-(int256(amount) + delegationAmount), -1, 0);
                  uint256 newTotalStaked = totalStaked.sub(amount + validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
                  totalStaked = newTotalStaked;
                  _removeSigner(validators[validatorId].signer);
              }
              /**
                  Public Methods
               */
              function topUpForFee(address user, uint256 heimdallFee) public onlyWhenUnlocked {
          //        _transferAndTopUp(user, msg.sender, heimdallFee, 0);
              }
              function claimFee(
                  uint256 accumFeeAmount,
                  uint256 index,
                  bytes memory proof
              ) public {
                  //Ignoring other params because rewards' distribution is on chain
          //        require(
          //            keccak256(abi.encode(msg.sender, accumFeeAmount)).checkMembership(index, accountStateRoot, proof),
          //            "Wrong acc proof"
          //        );
          //        uint256 withdrawAmount = accumFeeAmount.sub(userFeeExit[msg.sender]);
          //        _claimFee(msg.sender, withdrawAmount);
          //        userFeeExit[msg.sender] = accumFeeAmount;
          //        _transferToken(msg.sender, withdrawAmount);
              }
              function totalStakedFor(address user) external view returns (uint256) {
                  if (user == address(0x0) || NFTContract.balanceOf(user) == 0) {
                      return 0;
                  }
                  return validators[NFTContract.tokenOfOwnerByIndex(user, 0)].amount;
              }
              function startAuction(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  bool _acceptDelegation,
                  bytes calldata _signerPubkey
              ) external onlyWhenUnlocked {
          //        delegatedFwd(
          //            extensionCode,
          //            abi.encodeWithSelector(
          //                StakeManagerExtension(extensionCode).startAuction.selector,
          //                validatorId,
          //                amount,
          //                _acceptDelegation,
          //                _signerPubkey
          //            )
          //        );
              }
              function confirmAuctionBid(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 heimdallFee /** for new validator */
              ) external onlyWhenUnlocked {
          //        delegatedFwd(
          //            extensionCode,
          //            abi.encodeWithSelector(
          //                StakeManagerExtension(extensionCode).confirmAuctionBid.selector,
          //                validatorId,
          //                heimdallFee,
          //                address(this)
          //            )
          //        );
              }
              function dethroneAndStake(
                  address auctionUser,
                  uint256 heimdallFee,
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 auctionAmount,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes calldata signerPubkey
              ) external {
          //        require(msg.sender == address(this), "not allowed");
          //        // dethrone
          //        _transferAndTopUp(auctionUser, auctionUser, heimdallFee, 0);
          //        _unstake(validatorId, currentEpoch);
          //
          //        uint256 newValidatorId = _stakeFor(auctionUser, auctionAmount, acceptDelegation, signerPubkey);
          //        logger.logConfirmAuction(newValidatorId, validatorId, auctionAmount);
              }
              function unstake(uint256 validatorId) external onlyStaker(validatorId) {
          //        require(validatorAuction[validatorId].amount == 0);
          //
          //        Status status = validators[validatorId].status;
          //        require(
          //            validators[validatorId].activationEpoch > 0 &&
          //                validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch == 0 &&
          //                (status == Status.Active || status == Status.Locked)
          //        );
          //
          //        uint256 exitEpoch = currentEpoch.add(1); // notice period
          //        _unstake(validatorId, exitEpoch);
              }
              function transferFunds(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  address delegator
              ) external returns (bool) {
                  require(
                      validators[validatorId].contractAddress == msg.sender ||
                          Registry(registry).getSlashingManagerAddress() == msg.sender,
                      "not allowed"
                  );
                  return token.transfer(delegator, amount);
              }
              function delegationDeposit(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  address delegator
              ) external onlyDelegation(validatorId) returns (bool) {
                  return token.transferFrom(delegator, address(this), amount);
              }
              function stakeFor(
                  address user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 heimdallFee,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes memory signerPubkey
              ) public onlyWhenUnlocked {
          //        require(currentValidatorSetSize() < validatorThreshold, "no more slots");
          //        require(amount >= minDeposit, "not enough deposit");
          //        _transferAndTopUp(user, msg.sender, heimdallFee, amount);
          //        _stakeFor(user, amount, acceptDelegation, signerPubkey);
              }
              function unstakeClaim(uint256 validatorId) public onlyStaker(validatorId) {
          //        uint256 deactivationEpoch = validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch;
          //        // can only claim stake back after WITHDRAWAL_DELAY
          //        require(
          //            deactivationEpoch > 0 &&
          //                deactivationEpoch.add(WITHDRAWAL_DELAY) <= currentEpoch &&
          //                validators[validatorId].status != Status.Unstaked
          //        );
          //
          //        uint256 amount = validators[validatorId].amount;
          //        uint256 newTotalStaked = totalStaked.sub(amount);
          //        totalStaked = newTotalStaked;
          //
          //        // claim last checkpoint reward if it was signed by validator
          //        _liquidateRewards(validatorId, msg.sender);
          //
          //        NFTContract.burn(validatorId);
          //
          //        validators[validatorId].amount = 0;
          //        validators[validatorId].jailTime = 0;
          //        validators[validatorId].signer = address(0);
          //
          //        signerToValidator[validators[validatorId].signer] = INCORRECT_VALIDATOR_ID;
          //        validators[validatorId].status = Status.Unstaked;
          //
          //        _transferToken(msg.sender, amount);
          //        logger.logUnstaked(msg.sender, validatorId, amount, newTotalStaked);
              }
              function restake(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  bool stakeRewards
              ) public onlyWhenUnlocked onlyStaker(validatorId) {
          //        require(validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch == 0, "No restaking");
          //
          //        if (amount > 0) {
          //            _transferTokenFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
          //        }
          //
          //        _updateRewards(validatorId);
          //
          //        if (stakeRewards) {
          //            amount = amount.add(validators[validatorId].reward).sub(INITIALIZED_AMOUNT);
          //            validators[validatorId].reward = INITIALIZED_AMOUNT;
          //        }
          //
          //        uint256 newTotalStaked = totalStaked.add(amount);
          //        totalStaked = newTotalStaked;
          //        validators[validatorId].amount = validators[validatorId].amount.add(amount);
          //
          //        updateTimeline(int256(amount), 0, 0);
          //
          //        logger.logStakeUpdate(validatorId);
          //        logger.logRestaked(validatorId, validators[validatorId].amount, newTotalStaked);
              }
              function withdrawRewards(uint256 validatorId) public onlyStaker(validatorId) {
          //        _updateRewards(validatorId);
          //        _liquidateRewards(validatorId, msg.sender);
              }
              function migrateDelegation(
                  uint256 fromValidatorId,
                  uint256 toValidatorId,
                  uint256 amount
              ) public {
                  // allow to move to any non-foundation node
          //        require(toValidatorId > 7, "Invalid migration");
          //        IValidatorShare(validators[fromValidatorId].contractAddress).migrateOut(msg.sender, amount);
          //        IValidatorShare(validators[toValidatorId].contractAddress).migrateIn(msg.sender, amount);
              }
              function updateValidatorState(uint256 validatorId, int256 amount) public onlyDelegation(validatorId) {
                  if (amount > 0) {
                      // deposit during shares purchase
                      require(delegationEnabled, "Delegation is disabled");
                  }
                  updateTimeline(amount, 0, 0);
                  if (amount >= 0) {
                      increaseValidatorDelegatedAmount(validatorId, uint256(amount));
                  } else {
                      decreaseValidatorDelegatedAmount(validatorId, uint256(amount * -1));
                  }
              }
              function increaseValidatorDelegatedAmount(uint256 validatorId, uint256 amount) private {
                  validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount = validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount.add(amount);
              }
              function decreaseValidatorDelegatedAmount(uint256 validatorId, uint256 amount) public onlyDelegation(validatorId) {
                  validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount = validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount.sub(amount);
              }
              function updateSigner(uint256 validatorId, bytes memory signerPubkey) public onlyStaker(validatorId) {
          //        address signer = _getAndAssertSigner(signerPubkey);
          //        uint256 _currentEpoch = currentEpoch;
          //        require(_currentEpoch >= latestSignerUpdateEpoch[validatorId].add(signerUpdateLimit), "Not allowed");
          //
          //        address currentSigner = validators[validatorId].signer;
          //        // update signer event
          //        logger.logSignerChange(validatorId, currentSigner, signer, signerPubkey);
          //
          //        signerToValidator[currentSigner] = INCORRECT_VALIDATOR_ID;
          //        signerToValidator[signer] = validatorId;
          //        validators[validatorId].signer = signer;
          //        _updateSigner(currentSigner, signer);
          //
          //        // reset update time to current time
          //        latestSignerUpdateEpoch[validatorId] = _currentEpoch;
              }
              function checkSignatures(
                  uint256 blockInterval,
                  uint256 epoch,
                  bytes32 voteHash,
                  bytes32 stateRoot,
                  address proposer,
                  uint256[3][] calldata sigs
              ) external onlyRootChain returns (uint256) {
                  currentEpoch = epoch;
                  uint256 _currentEpoch = currentEpoch;
                  uint256 signedStakePower;
                  address lastAdd;
                  uint256 totalStakers = validatorState.stakerCount;
                  UnsignedValidatorsContext memory unsignedCtx;
                  unsignedCtx.unsignedValidators = new uint256[](signers.length + totalStakers);
                  unsignedCtx.validators = signers;
                  unsignedCtx.validatorIndex = 0;
                  unsignedCtx.totalValidators = signers.length;
                  UnstakedValidatorsContext memory unstakeCtx;
                  unstakeCtx.deactivatedValidators = new uint256[](signers.length + totalStakers);
                  for (uint256 i = 0; i < sigs.length; ++i) {
                      address signer = ECVerify.ecrecovery(voteHash, sigs[i]);
                      if (signer == lastAdd) {
                          // if signer signs twice, just skip this signature
                          continue;
                      }
                      if (signer < lastAdd) {
                          // if signatures are out of order - break out, it is not possible to keep track of unsigned validators
                          break;
                      }
                      uint256 validatorId = signerToValidator[signer];
                      uint256 amount = validators[validatorId].amount;
                      Status status = validators[validatorId].status;
                      unstakeCtx.deactivationEpoch = validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch;
                      if (_isValidator(status, amount, unstakeCtx.deactivationEpoch, _currentEpoch)) {
                          lastAdd = signer;
                          signedStakePower = signedStakePower.add(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount).add(amount);
                          if (unstakeCtx.deactivationEpoch != 0) {
                              // this validator not a part of signers list anymore
                              unstakeCtx.deactivatedValidators[unstakeCtx.validatorIndex] = validatorId;
                              unstakeCtx.validatorIndex++;
                          } else {
                              unsignedCtx = _fillUnsignedValidators(unsignedCtx, signer);
                          }
                      } else if (status == Status.Locked) {
                          // TODO fix double unsignedValidators appearance
                          // make sure that jailed validator doesn't get his rewards too
                          unsignedCtx.unsignedValidators[unsignedCtx.unsignedValidatorIndex] = validatorId;
                          unsignedCtx.unsignedValidatorIndex++;
                          unsignedCtx.validatorIndex++;
                      }
                  }
                  // find the rest of validators without signature
                  unsignedCtx = _fillUnsignedValidators(unsignedCtx, address(0));
                  return
                      _increaseRewardAndAssertConsensus(
                          blockInterval,
                          proposer,
                          signedStakePower,
                          stateRoot,
                          unsignedCtx.unsignedValidators,
                          unsignedCtx.unsignedValidatorIndex,
                          unstakeCtx.deactivatedValidators,
                          unstakeCtx.validatorIndex
                      );
              }
              function updateCommissionRate(uint256 validatorId, uint256 newCommissionRate) external onlyStaker(validatorId) {
          //        _updateRewards(validatorId);
          //
          //        delegatedFwd(
          //            extensionCode,
          //            abi.encodeWithSelector(
          //                StakeManagerExtension(extensionCode).updateCommissionRate.selector,
          //                validatorId,
          //                newCommissionRate
          //            )
          //        );
              }
              function withdrawDelegatorsReward(uint256 validatorId) public onlyDelegation(validatorId) returns (uint256) {
          //        _updateRewards(validatorId);
                  uint256 totalReward = 0; //validators[validatorId].delegatorsReward.sub(INITIALIZED_AMOUNT);
          //        validators[validatorId].delegatorsReward = INITIALIZED_AMOUNT;
                  return totalReward;
              }
              function slash(bytes calldata _slashingInfoList) external returns (uint256) {
          //        require(Registry(registry).getSlashingManagerAddress() == msg.sender, "Not slash manager");
          //
          //        RLPReader.RLPItem[] memory slashingInfoList = _slashingInfoList.toRlpItem().toList();
          //        int256 valJailed;
          //        uint256 jailedAmount;
                  uint256 totalAmount;
          //        uint256 i;
          //
          //        for (; i < slashingInfoList.length; i++) {
          //            RLPReader.RLPItem[] memory slashData = slashingInfoList[i].toList();
          //
          //            uint256 validatorId = slashData[0].toUint();
          //            _updateRewards(validatorId);
          //
          //            uint256 _amount = slashData[1].toUint();
          //            totalAmount = totalAmount.add(_amount);
          //
          //            address delegationContract = validators[validatorId].contractAddress;
          //            if (delegationContract != address(0x0)) {
          //                uint256 delSlashedAmount =
          //                    IValidatorShare(delegationContract).slash(
          //                        validators[validatorId].amount,
          //                        validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount,
          //                        _amount
          //                    );
          //                _amount = _amount.sub(delSlashedAmount);
          //            }
          //
          //            uint256 validatorStakeSlashed = validators[validatorId].amount.sub(_amount);
          //            validators[validatorId].amount = validatorStakeSlashed;
          //
          //            if (validatorStakeSlashed == 0) {
          //                _unstake(validatorId, currentEpoch);
          //            } else if (slashData[2].toBoolean()) {
          //                jailedAmount = jailedAmount.add(_jail(validatorId, 1));
          //                valJailed++;
          //            }
          //        }
          //
          //        //update timeline
          //        updateTimeline(-int256(totalAmount.add(jailedAmount)), -valJailed, 0);
                  return totalAmount;
              }
              function unjail(uint256 validatorId) public onlyStaker(validatorId) {
          //        require(validators[validatorId].status == Status.Locked, "Not jailed");
          //        require(validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch == 0, "Already unstaking");
          //
          //        uint256 _currentEpoch = currentEpoch;
          //        require(validators[validatorId].jailTime <= _currentEpoch, "Incomplete jail period");
          //
          //        uint256 amount = validators[validatorId].amount;
          //        require(amount >= minDeposit);
          //
          //        address delegationContract = validators[validatorId].contractAddress;
          //        if (delegationContract != address(0x0)) {
          //            IValidatorShare(delegationContract).unlock();
          //        }
          //
          //        // undo timeline so that validator is normal validator
          //        updateTimeline(int256(amount.add(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount)), 1, 0);
          //
          //        validators[validatorId].status = Status.Active;
          //
          //        address signer = validators[validatorId].signer;
          //        logger.logUnjailed(validatorId, signer);
              }
              function updateTimeline(
                  int256 amount,
                  int256 stakerCount,
                  uint256 targetEpoch
              ) internal {
                  if (targetEpoch == 0) {
                      // update total stake and validator count
                      if (amount > 0) {
                          validatorState.amount = validatorState.amount.add(uint256(amount));
                      } else if (amount < 0) {
                          validatorState.amount = validatorState.amount.sub(uint256(amount * -1));
                      }
                      if (stakerCount > 0) {
                          validatorState.stakerCount = validatorState.stakerCount.add(uint256(stakerCount));
                      } else if (stakerCount < 0) {
                          validatorState.stakerCount = validatorState.stakerCount.sub(uint256(stakerCount * -1));
                      }
                  } else {
                      validatorStateChanges[targetEpoch].amount += amount;
                      validatorStateChanges[targetEpoch].stakerCount += stakerCount;
                  }
              }
              function updateValidatorDelegation(bool delegation) external {
                  uint256 validatorId = signerToValidator[msg.sender];
                  require(
                      _isValidator(
                          validators[validatorId].status,
                          validators[validatorId].amount,
                          validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch,
                          currentEpoch
                      ),
                      "not validator"
                  );
                  address contractAddr = validators[validatorId].contractAddress;
                  require(contractAddr != address(0x0), "Delegation is disabled");
                  IValidatorShare(contractAddr).updateDelegation(delegation);
              }
              function validatorJoin(
                  bytes calldata data,
                  uint[3][] calldata sigs
              ) external {
                  (uint256 validatorId, uint256 nonce, uint256 amount, uint256 activationEpoch, uint256 delegatedAmount, address signer) = abi
                  .decode(data, (uint256, uint256, uint256, uint256, uint256, address));
                  uint256 stakeNonce = logger.getValidatorNonce(validatorId).add(1);
                  require(stakeNonce == nonce, "Invalid staking nonce");
                  uint[3][] memory siglist = sigs;
                  require(_verifyConsensus(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(bytes(hex"01"), data)), siglist), "2/3+1 Power required");
                  _setValidator(validatorId, signer, amount, activationEpoch, delegatedAmount);
                  logger.logStakeAck(validatorId);
              }
              function validatorExit(
                  bytes calldata data,
                  uint[3][] calldata sigs
              ) external {
                  (uint256 validatorId, uint256 nonce, uint256 deactivationEpoch) = abi
                  .decode(data, (uint256, uint256, uint256));
                  uint256 stakeNonce = logger.getValidatorNonce(validatorId).add(1);
                  require(stakeNonce == nonce, "Invalid staking nonce");
                  uint[3][] memory siglist = sigs;
                  require(_verifyConsensus(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(bytes(hex"01"), data)), siglist), "2/3+1 Power required");
                  validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch = deactivationEpoch;
                  uint256 amount = validators[validatorId].amount;
                  // unbond all delegators in future
                  int256 delegationAmount = int256(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
                  _removeSigner(validators[validatorId].signer);
                  updateTimeline(-(int256(amount) + delegationAmount), -1, 0);
                  uint256 newTotalStaked = totalStaked.sub(amount + validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
                  totalStaked = newTotalStaked;
                  logger.logStakeAck(validatorId);
              }
              function signerUpdate(
                  bytes calldata data,
                  uint[3][] calldata sigs
              ) external {
                  (uint256 validatorId, uint256 nonce, address signer) = abi
                  .decode(data, (uint256, uint256, address));
                  uint256 stakeNonce = logger.getValidatorNonce(validatorId).add(1);
                  require(stakeNonce == nonce, "Invalid staking nonce");
                  uint[3][] memory siglist = sigs;
                  require(_verifyConsensus(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(bytes(hex"01"), data)), siglist), "2/3+1 Power required");
                  address currentSigner = validators[validatorId].signer;
                  // update signer event
                  // bytes memory signerPubkey;
                  // logger.logSignerChange(validatorId, currentSigner, signer, signerPubkey);
                  signerToValidator[currentSigner] = INCORRECT_VALIDATOR_ID;
                  signerToValidator[signer] = validatorId;
                  validators[validatorId].signer = signer;
                  _updateSigner(currentSigner, signer);
                  logger.logStakeAck(validatorId);
              }
              function stakeUpdate(
                  bytes calldata data,
                  uint[3][] calldata sigs
              ) external {
                  (uint256 validatorId, uint256 nonce, uint256 newAmount) = abi
                  .decode(data, (uint256, uint256, uint256));
                  uint256 stakeNonce = logger.getValidatorNonce(validatorId).add(1);
                  require(stakeNonce == nonce, "Invalid staking nonce");
                  uint[3][] memory siglist = sigs;
                  require(_verifyConsensus(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(bytes(hex"01"), data)), siglist), "2/3+1 Power required");
                  int256 updateAmount = int256(newAmount) - int256(validators[validatorId].amount);
                  validators[validatorId].amount = newAmount;
                  updateTimeline(updateAmount, 0, 0);
                  if (updateAmount > 0) {
                      uint256 newTotalStaked = totalStaked.add(uint256(updateAmount));
                      totalStaked = newTotalStaked;
                  } else if (updateAmount < 0) {
                      uint256 newTotalStaked = totalStaked.add(uint256(updateAmount * -1));
                      totalStaked = newTotalStaked;
                  }
                  logger.logStakeAck(validatorId);
              }
              /**
                  Private Methods
               */
              function _getAndAssertSigner(bytes memory pub) private view returns (address) {
                  require(pub.length == 64, "not pub");
                  address signer = address(uint160(uint256(keccak256(pub))));
                  require(signer != address(0) && signerToValidator[signer] == 0, "Invalid signer");
                  return signer;
              }
              function _isValidator(
                  Status status,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 deactivationEpoch,
                  uint256 _currentEpoch
              ) private pure returns (bool) {
                  return (amount > 0 && (deactivationEpoch == 0 || deactivationEpoch > _currentEpoch) && status == Status.Active);
              }
              function _fillUnsignedValidators(UnsignedValidatorsContext memory context, address signer)
                  private
                  view
                  returns(UnsignedValidatorsContext memory)
              {
                  while (context.validatorIndex < context.totalValidators && context.validators[context.validatorIndex] != signer) {
                      context.unsignedValidators[context.unsignedValidatorIndex] = signerToValidator[context.validators[context.validatorIndex]];
                      context.unsignedValidatorIndex++;
                      context.validatorIndex++;
                  }
                  context.validatorIndex++;
                  return context;
              }
              function _calculateCheckpointReward(
                  uint256 blockInterval,
                  uint256 signedStakePower,
                  uint256 currentTotalStake
              ) internal returns (uint256) {
                  // checkpoint rewards are based on BlockInterval multiplied on `CHECKPOINT_REWARD`
                  // for bigger checkpoints reward is reduced by rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint for each subsequent interval
                  // for smaller checkpoints
                  // if interval is 50% of checkPointBlockInterval then reward R is half of `CHECKPOINT_REWARD`
                  // and then stakePower is 90% of currentValidatorSetTotalStake then final reward is 90% of R
                  uint256 targetBlockInterval = checkPointBlockInterval;
                  uint256 ckpReward = CHECKPOINT_REWARD;
                  uint256 fullIntervals = Math.min(blockInterval / targetBlockInterval, maxRewardedCheckpoints);
                  // only apply to full checkpoints
                  if (fullIntervals > 0 && fullIntervals != prevBlockInterval) {
                      if (prevBlockInterval != 0) {
                          // give more reward for faster and less for slower checkpoint
                          uint256 delta = (ckpReward * checkpointRewardDelta / CHK_REWARD_PRECISION);
                          if (prevBlockInterval > fullIntervals) {
                              // checkpoint is faster
                              ckpReward += delta;
                          } else {
                              ckpReward -= delta;
                          }
                      }
                      prevBlockInterval = fullIntervals;
                  }
                  uint256 reward;
                  if (blockInterval > targetBlockInterval) {
                      // count how many full intervals
                      uint256 _rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint = rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint;
                      // calculate reward for full intervals
                      reward = ckpReward.mul(fullIntervals).sub(ckpReward.mul(((fullIntervals - 1) * fullIntervals / 2).mul(_rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint)).div(CHK_REWARD_PRECISION));
                      // adjust block interval, in case last interval is not full
                      blockInterval = blockInterval.sub(fullIntervals.mul(targetBlockInterval));
                      // adjust checkpoint reward by the amount it suppose to decrease
                      ckpReward = ckpReward.sub(ckpReward.mul(fullIntervals).mul(_rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint).div(CHK_REWARD_PRECISION));
                  }
                  // give proportionally less for the rest
                  reward = reward.add(blockInterval.mul(ckpReward).div(targetBlockInterval));
                  reward = reward.mul(signedStakePower).div(currentTotalStake);
                  return reward;
              }
              function _increaseRewardAndAssertConsensus(
                  uint256 blockInterval,
                  address proposer,
                  uint256 signedStakePower,
                  bytes32 stateRoot,
                  uint256[] memory unsignedValidators,
                  uint256 totalUnsignedValidators,
                  uint256[] memory deactivatedValidators,
                  uint256 totalDeactivatedValidators
              ) private returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 currentTotalStake = validatorState.amount;
                  require(signedStakePower >= currentTotalStake.mul(2).div(3).add(1), "2/3+1 non-majority!");
                  uint256 reward = _calculateCheckpointReward(blockInterval, signedStakePower, currentTotalStake);
                  uint256 _proposerBonus = reward.mul(proposerBonus).div(MAX_PROPOSER_BONUS);
                  uint256 proposerId = signerToValidator[proposer];
                  Validator storage _proposer = validators[proposerId];
                  _proposer.reward = _proposer.reward.add(_proposerBonus);
                  // update stateMerkleTree root for accounts balance on heimdall chain
                  accountStateRoot = stateRoot;
                  uint256 newRewardPerStake =
                      rewardPerStake.add(reward.sub(_proposerBonus).mul(REWARD_PRECISION).div(signedStakePower));
                  // evaluate rewards for validator who did't sign and set latest reward per stake to new value to avoid them from getting new rewards.
                  _updateValidatorsRewards(unsignedValidators, totalUnsignedValidators, newRewardPerStake);
                  // distribute rewards between signed validators
                  rewardPerStake = newRewardPerStake;
                  // evaluate rewards for unstaked validators to avoid getting new rewards until they claim their stake
                  _updateValidatorsRewards(deactivatedValidators, totalDeactivatedValidators, newRewardPerStake);
                  _finalizeCommit();
                  return reward;
              }
              function _updateValidatorsRewards(
                  uint256[] memory unsignedValidators,
                  uint256 totalUnsignedValidators,
                  uint256 newRewardPerStake
              ) private {
                  uint256 currentRewardPerStake = rewardPerStake;
                  for (uint256 i = 0; i < totalUnsignedValidators; ++i) {
                      _updateRewardsAndCommit(unsignedValidators[i], currentRewardPerStake, newRewardPerStake);
                  }
              }
              function _updateRewardsAndCommit(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 currentRewardPerStake,
                  uint256 newRewardPerStake
              ) private {
                  uint256 initialRewardPerStake = validators[validatorId].initialRewardPerStake;
                  // attempt to save gas in case if rewards were updated previosuly
                  if (initialRewardPerStake < currentRewardPerStake) {
                      uint256 validatorsStake = validators[validatorId].amount;
                      uint256 delegatedAmount = validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount;
                      if (delegatedAmount > 0) {
                          uint256 combinedStakePower = validatorsStake.add(delegatedAmount);
                          _increaseValidatorRewardWithDelegation(
                              validatorId,
                              validatorsStake,
                              delegatedAmount,
                              _getEligibleValidatorReward(
                                  validatorId,
                                  combinedStakePower,
                                  currentRewardPerStake,
                                  initialRewardPerStake
                              )
                          );
                      } else {
                          _increaseValidatorReward(
                              validatorId,
                              _getEligibleValidatorReward(
                                  validatorId,
                                  validatorsStake,
                                  currentRewardPerStake,
                                  initialRewardPerStake
                              )
                          );
                      }
                  }
                  if (newRewardPerStake > initialRewardPerStake) {
                      validators[validatorId].initialRewardPerStake = newRewardPerStake;
                  }
              }
              function _updateRewards(uint256 validatorId) private {
                  _updateRewardsAndCommit(validatorId, rewardPerStake, rewardPerStake);
              }
              function _getEligibleValidatorReward(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 validatorStakePower,
                  uint256 currentRewardPerStake,
                  uint256 initialRewardPerStake
              ) private pure returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 eligibleReward = currentRewardPerStake - initialRewardPerStake;
                  return eligibleReward.mul(validatorStakePower).div(REWARD_PRECISION);
              }
              function _increaseValidatorReward(uint256 validatorId, uint256 reward) private {
                  if (reward > 0) {
                      validators[validatorId].reward = validators[validatorId].reward.add(reward);
                  }
              }
              function _increaseValidatorRewardWithDelegation(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 validatorsStake,
                  uint256 delegatedAmount,
                  uint256 reward
              ) private {
                  uint256 combinedStakePower = delegatedAmount.add(validatorsStake);
                  (uint256 validatorReward, uint256 delegatorsReward) =
                      _getValidatorAndDelegationReward(validatorId, validatorsStake, reward, combinedStakePower);
                  if (delegatorsReward > 0) {
                      validators[validatorId].delegatorsReward = validators[validatorId].delegatorsReward.add(delegatorsReward);
                  }
                  if (validatorReward > 0) {
                      validators[validatorId].reward = validators[validatorId].reward.add(validatorReward);
                  }
              }
              function _getValidatorAndDelegationReward(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 validatorsStake,
                  uint256 reward,
                  uint256 combinedStakePower
              ) internal view returns (uint256, uint256) {
                  if (combinedStakePower == 0) {
                      return (0, 0);
                  }
                  uint256 validatorReward = validatorsStake.mul(reward).div(combinedStakePower);
                  // add validator commission from delegation reward
                  uint256 commissionRate = validators[validatorId].commissionRate;
                  if (commissionRate > 0) {
                      validatorReward = validatorReward.add(
                          reward.sub(validatorReward).mul(commissionRate).div(MAX_COMMISION_RATE)
                      );
                  }
                  uint256 delegatorsReward = reward.sub(validatorReward);
                  return (validatorReward, delegatorsReward);
              }
              function _evaluateValidatorAndDelegationReward(uint256 validatorId)
                  private
                  view
                  returns (uint256 validatorReward, uint256 delegatorsReward)
              {
                  uint256 validatorsStake = validators[validatorId].amount;
                  uint256 combinedStakePower = validatorsStake.add(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
                  uint256 eligibleReward = rewardPerStake - validators[validatorId].initialRewardPerStake;
                  return
                      _getValidatorAndDelegationReward(
                          validatorId,
                          validatorsStake,
                          eligibleReward.mul(combinedStakePower).div(REWARD_PRECISION),
                          combinedStakePower
                      );
              }
              function _jail(uint256 validatorId, uint256 jailCheckpoints) internal returns (uint256) {
                  address delegationContract = validators[validatorId].contractAddress;
                  if (delegationContract != address(0x0)) {
                      IValidatorShare(delegationContract).lock();
                  }
                  uint256 _currentEpoch = currentEpoch;
                  validators[validatorId].jailTime = _currentEpoch.add(jailCheckpoints);
                  validators[validatorId].status = Status.Locked;
                  logger.logJailed(validatorId, _currentEpoch, validators[validatorId].signer);
                  return validators[validatorId].amount.add(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
              }
              function _stakeFor(
                  address user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes memory signerPubkey
              ) internal returns (uint256) {
                  address signer = _getAndAssertSigner(signerPubkey);
                  uint256 _currentEpoch = currentEpoch;
                  uint256 validatorId = NFTCounter;
                  StakingInfo _logger = logger;
                  uint256 newTotalStaked = totalStaked.add(amount);
                  totalStaked = newTotalStaked;
                  validators[validatorId] = Validator({
                      reward: INITIALIZED_AMOUNT,
                      amount: amount,
                      activationEpoch: _currentEpoch,
                      deactivationEpoch: 0,
                      jailTime: 0,
                      signer: signer,
                      contractAddress: acceptDelegation
                          ? validatorShareFactory.create(validatorId, address(_logger), registry)
                          : address(0x0),
                      status: Status.Active,
                      commissionRate: 0,
                      lastCommissionUpdate: 0,
                      delegatorsReward: INITIALIZED_AMOUNT,
                      delegatedAmount: 0,
                      initialRewardPerStake: rewardPerStake
                  });
                  latestSignerUpdateEpoch[validatorId] = _currentEpoch;
                  NFTContract.mint(user, validatorId);
                  signerToValidator[signer] = validatorId;
                  updateTimeline(int256(amount), 1, 0);
                  // no Auctions for 1 dynasty
                  validatorAuction[validatorId].startEpoch = _currentEpoch;
                  _logger.logStaked(signer, signerPubkey, validatorId, _currentEpoch, amount, newTotalStaked);
                  NFTCounter = validatorId.add(1);
                  _insertSigner(signer);
                  return validatorId;
              }
              function _unstake(uint256 validatorId, uint256 exitEpoch) internal {
                  // TODO: if validators unstake and slashed to 0, he will be forced to unstake again
                  // must think how to handle it correctly
                  _updateRewards(validatorId);
                  uint256 amount = validators[validatorId].amount;
                  address validator = ownerOf(validatorId);
                  validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch = exitEpoch;
                  // unbond all delegators in future
                  int256 delegationAmount = int256(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
                  address delegationContract = validators[validatorId].contractAddress;
                  if (delegationContract != address(0)) {
                      IValidatorShare(delegationContract).lock();
                  }
                  _removeSigner(validators[validatorId].signer);
                  _liquidateRewards(validatorId, validator);
                  uint256 targetEpoch = exitEpoch <= currentEpoch ? 0 : exitEpoch;
                  updateTimeline(-(int256(amount) + delegationAmount), -1, targetEpoch);
                  logger.logUnstakeInit(validator, validatorId, exitEpoch, amount);
              }
              function _finalizeCommit() internal {
                  uint256 _currentEpoch = currentEpoch;
                  uint256 nextEpoch = _currentEpoch.add(1);
                  StateChange memory changes = validatorStateChanges[nextEpoch];
                  updateTimeline(changes.amount, changes.stakerCount, 0);
                  delete validatorStateChanges[_currentEpoch];
                  currentEpoch = nextEpoch;
              }
              function _liquidateRewards(uint256 validatorId, address validatorUser) private {
                  uint256 reward = validators[validatorId].reward.sub(INITIALIZED_AMOUNT);
                  totalRewardsLiquidated = totalRewardsLiquidated.add(reward);
                  validators[validatorId].reward = INITIALIZED_AMOUNT;
                  validators[validatorId].initialRewardPerStake = rewardPerStake;
                  _transferToken(validatorUser, reward);
                  logger.logClaimRewards(validatorId, reward, totalRewardsLiquidated);
              }
              function _transferToken(address destination, uint256 amount) private {
                  require(token.transfer(destination, amount), "transfer failed");
              }
              function _transferTokenFrom(
                  address from,
                  address destination,
                  uint256 amount
              ) private {
                  require(token.transferFrom(from, destination, amount), "transfer from failed");
              }
              function _transferAndTopUp(
                  address user,
                  address from,
                  uint256 fee,
                  uint256 additionalAmount
              ) private {
                  require(fee >= minHeimdallFee, "fee too small");
                  _transferTokenFrom(from, address(this), fee.add(additionalAmount));
                  totalHeimdallFee = totalHeimdallFee.add(fee);
                  logger.logTopUpFee(user, fee);
              }
              function _claimFee(address user, uint256 amount) private {
                  totalHeimdallFee = totalHeimdallFee.sub(amount);
                  logger.logClaimFee(user, amount);
              }
              function _insertSigner(address newSigner) internal {
                  signers.push(newSigner);
                  uint lastIndex = signers.length - 1;
                  uint i = lastIndex;
                  for (; i > 0; --i) {
                      address signer = signers[i - 1];
                      if (signer < newSigner) {
                          break;
                      }
                      signers[i] = signer;
                  }
                  if (i != lastIndex) {
                      signers[i] = newSigner;
                  }
              }
              function _updateSigner(address prevSigner, address newSigner) internal {
                  _removeSigner(prevSigner);
                  _insertSigner(newSigner);
              }
              function _removeSigner(address signerToDelete) internal {
                  uint256 totalSigners = signers.length;
                  address swapSigner = signers[totalSigners - 1];
                  delete signers[totalSigners - 1];
                  // bubble last element to the beginning until target signer is met
                  for (uint256 i = totalSigners - 1; i > 0; --i) {
                      if (swapSigner == signerToDelete) {
                          break;
                      }
                      (swapSigner, signers[i - 1]) = (signers[i - 1], swapSigner);
                  }
                  signers.length = totalSigners - 1;
              }
              function _setValidator(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address signer,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 activationEpoch,
                  uint256 delegatedAmount
              ) internal {
                  uint256 newTotalStaked = totalStaked.add(amount);
                  totalStaked = newTotalStaked;
                  validators[validatorId] = Validator({
                      reward: INITIALIZED_AMOUNT,
                      amount: amount,
                      activationEpoch: activationEpoch,
                      deactivationEpoch: 0,
                      jailTime: 0,
                      signer: signer,
                      contractAddress: address(0x0),
                      status: Status.Active,
                      commissionRate: 0,
                      lastCommissionUpdate: 0,
                      delegatorsReward: INITIALIZED_AMOUNT,
                      delegatedAmount: delegatedAmount,
                      initialRewardPerStake: rewardPerStake
                      });
                  latestSignerUpdateEpoch[validatorId] = activationEpoch;
                  signerToValidator[signer] = validatorId;
                  updateTimeline(int256(amount + delegatedAmount), 1, 0);
                  // no Auctions for 1 dynasty
                  validatorAuction[validatorId].startEpoch = activationEpoch;
                  // bytes memory signerPubkey;
                  // logger.logStaked(signer, signerPubkey, validatorId, _currentEpoch, amount, newTotalStaked);
                  _insertSigner(signer);
              }
              function _verifyConsensus(
                  bytes32 voteHash,
                  uint[3][] memory sigs
              ) internal returns (bool) {
                  // total voting power
                  uint256 _stakePower;
                  address lastAdd; // cannot have address(0x0) as an owner
                  uint256 targetStake = currentValidatorSetTotalStake().mul(2).div(3).add(1);
                  for (uint64 i = 0; i < sigs.length; ++i) {
                      address signer = ECVerify.ecrecovery(voteHash, sigs[i]);
                      uint256 validatorId = signerToValidator[signer];
                      // check if signer is staker and not proposer
                      if (signer < lastAdd) {
                          break;
                      } else if (isValidator(validatorId) && signer > lastAdd) {
                          lastAdd = signer;
                          uint256 amount;
                          uint256 delegatedAmount;
                          amount = validators[validatorId].amount;
                          delegatedAmount = validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount;
                          // add delegation power
                          amount = amount.add(delegatedAmount);
                          _stakePower = _stakePower.add(amount);
                      }
                      if (_stakePower >= targetStake) {
                          return true;
                      }
                  }
                  return _stakePower >= targetStake;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract Initializable {
              bool inited = false;
              modifier initializer() {
                  require(!inited, "already inited");
                  inited = true;
                  
                  _;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity 0.5.17;
          import {Registry} from "../../common/Registry.sol";
          import {ERC20NonTradable} from "../../common/tokens/ERC20NonTradable.sol";
          import {ERC20} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
          import {StakingInfo} from "./../StakingInfo.sol";
          import {EventsHub} from "./../EventsHub.sol";
          import {OwnableLockable} from "../../common/mixin/OwnableLockable.sol";
          import {IStakeManager} from "../stakeManager/IStakeManager.sol";
          import {IValidatorShare} from "./IValidatorShare.sol";
          import {Initializable} from "../../common/mixin/Initializable.sol";
          contract ValidatorShare is IValidatorShare, ERC20NonTradable, OwnableLockable, Initializable {
              struct DelegatorUnbond {
                  uint256 shares;
                  uint256 withdrawEpoch;
              }
              uint256 constant EXCHANGE_RATE_PRECISION = 100;
              // maximum matic possible, even if rate will be 1 and all matic will be staken in one go, it will result in 10 ^ 58 shares
              uint256 constant EXCHANGE_RATE_HIGH_PRECISION = 10**29;
              uint256 constant MAX_COMMISION_RATE = 100;
              uint256 constant REWARD_PRECISION = 10**25;
              StakingInfo public stakingLogger;
              IStakeManager public stakeManager;
              uint256 public validatorId;
              uint256 public validatorRewards_deprecated;
              uint256 public commissionRate_deprecated;
              uint256 public lastCommissionUpdate_deprecated;
              uint256 public minAmount;
              uint256 public totalStake_deprecated;
              uint256 public rewardPerShare;
              uint256 public activeAmount;
              bool public delegation;
              uint256 public withdrawPool;
              uint256 public withdrawShares;
              mapping(address => uint256) amountStaked_deprecated; // deprecated, keep for foundation delegators
              mapping(address => DelegatorUnbond) public unbonds;
              mapping(address => uint256) public initalRewardPerShare;
              mapping(address => uint256) public unbondNonces;
              mapping(address => mapping(uint256 => DelegatorUnbond)) public unbonds_new;
              EventsHub public eventsHub;
              // onlyOwner will prevent this contract from initializing, since it's owner is going to be 0x0 address
              function initialize(
                  uint256 _validatorId,
                  address _stakingLogger,
                  address _stakeManager
              ) external initializer {
                  validatorId = _validatorId;
                  stakingLogger = StakingInfo(_stakingLogger);
                  stakeManager = IStakeManager(_stakeManager);
                  _transferOwnership(_stakeManager);
                  _getOrCacheEventsHub();
                  minAmount = 10**18;
                  delegation = true;
              }
              /**
                  Public View Methods
              */
              function exchangeRate() public view returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 totalShares = totalSupply();
                  uint256 precision = _getRatePrecision();
                  return totalShares == 0 ? precision : stakeManager.delegatedAmount(validatorId).mul(precision).div(totalShares);
              }
              function getTotalStake(address user) public view returns (uint256, uint256) {
                  uint256 shares = balanceOf(user);
                  uint256 rate = exchangeRate();
                  if (shares == 0) {
                      return (0, rate);
                  }
                  return (rate.mul(shares).div(_getRatePrecision()), rate);
              }
              function withdrawExchangeRate() public view returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 precision = _getRatePrecision();
                  if (validatorId < 8) {
                      // fix of potentially broken withdrawals for future unbonding
                      // foundation validators have no slashing enabled and thus we can return default exchange rate
                      // because without slashing rate will stay constant
                      return precision;
                  }
                  uint256 _withdrawShares = withdrawShares;
                  return _withdrawShares == 0 ? precision : withdrawPool.mul(precision).div(_withdrawShares);
              }
              function getLiquidRewards(address user) public view returns (uint256) {
                  return _calculateReward(user, getRewardPerShare());
              }
              function getRewardPerShare() public view returns (uint256) {
                  return _calculateRewardPerShareWithRewards(stakeManager.delegatorsReward(validatorId));
              }
              /**
                  Public Methods
               */
              function buyVoucher(uint256 _amount, uint256 _minSharesToMint) public returns(uint256 amountToDeposit) {
                  _withdrawAndTransferReward(msg.sender);
                  
                  amountToDeposit = _buyShares(_amount, _minSharesToMint, msg.sender);
                  require(stakeManager.delegationDeposit(validatorId, amountToDeposit, msg.sender), "deposit failed");
                  
                  return amountToDeposit;
              }
              function restake() public returns(uint256, uint256) {
                  address user = msg.sender;
                  uint256 liquidReward = _withdrawReward(user);
                  uint256 amountRestaked;
                  require(liquidReward >= minAmount, "Too small rewards to restake");
                  if (liquidReward != 0) {
                      amountRestaked = _buyShares(liquidReward, 0, user);
                      if (liquidReward > amountRestaked) {
                          // return change to the user
                          require(
                              stakeManager.transferFunds(validatorId, liquidReward - amountRestaked, user),
                              "Insufficent rewards"
                          );
                          stakingLogger.logDelegatorClaimRewards(validatorId, user, liquidReward - amountRestaked);
                      }
                      (uint256 totalStaked, ) = getTotalStake(user);
                      stakingLogger.logDelegatorRestaked(validatorId, user, totalStaked);
                  }
                  
                  return (amountRestaked, liquidReward);
              }
              function sellVoucher(uint256 claimAmount, uint256 maximumSharesToBurn) public {
                  (uint256 shares, uint256 _withdrawPoolShare) = _sellVoucher(claimAmount, maximumSharesToBurn);
                  DelegatorUnbond memory unbond = unbonds[msg.sender];
                  unbond.shares = unbond.shares.add(_withdrawPoolShare);
                  // refresh undond period
                  unbond.withdrawEpoch = stakeManager.epoch();
                  unbonds[msg.sender] = unbond;
                  StakingInfo logger = stakingLogger;
                  logger.logShareBurned(validatorId, msg.sender, claimAmount, shares);
                  logger.logStakeUpdate(validatorId);
              }
              function withdrawRewards() public {
                  uint256 rewards = _withdrawAndTransferReward(msg.sender);
                  require(rewards >= minAmount, "Too small rewards amount");
              }
              function migrateOut(address user, uint256 amount) external onlyOwner {
                  _withdrawAndTransferReward(user);
                  (uint256 totalStaked, uint256 rate) = getTotalStake(user);
                  require(totalStaked >= amount, "Migrating too much");
                  uint256 precision = _getRatePrecision();
                  uint256 shares = amount.mul(precision).div(rate);
                  _burn(user, shares);
                  stakeManager.updateValidatorState(validatorId, -int256(amount));
                  activeAmount = activeAmount.sub(amount);
                  stakingLogger.logShareBurned(validatorId, user, amount, shares);
                  stakingLogger.logStakeUpdate(validatorId);
                  stakingLogger.logDelegatorUnstaked(validatorId, user, amount);
              }
              function migrateIn(address user, uint256 amount) external onlyOwner {
                  _withdrawAndTransferReward(user);
                  _buyShares(amount, 0, user);
              }
              function unstakeClaimTokens() public {
                  DelegatorUnbond memory unbond = unbonds[msg.sender];
                  uint256 amount = _unstakeClaimTokens(unbond);
                  delete unbonds[msg.sender];
                  stakingLogger.logDelegatorUnstaked(validatorId, msg.sender, amount);
              }
              function slash(
                  uint256 validatorStake,
                  uint256 delegatedAmount,
                  uint256 totalAmountToSlash
              ) external onlyOwner returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 _withdrawPool = withdrawPool;
                  uint256 delegationAmount = delegatedAmount.add(_withdrawPool);
                  if (delegationAmount == 0) {
                      return 0;
                  }
                  // total amount to be slashed from delegation pool (active + inactive)
                  uint256 _amountToSlash = delegationAmount.mul(totalAmountToSlash).div(validatorStake.add(delegationAmount));
                  uint256 _amountToSlashWithdrawalPool = _withdrawPool.mul(_amountToSlash).div(delegationAmount);
                  // slash inactive pool
                  uint256 stakeSlashed = _amountToSlash.sub(_amountToSlashWithdrawalPool);
                  stakeManager.decreaseValidatorDelegatedAmount(validatorId, stakeSlashed);
                  activeAmount = activeAmount.sub(stakeSlashed);
                  withdrawPool = withdrawPool.sub(_amountToSlashWithdrawalPool);
                  return _amountToSlash;
              }
              function updateDelegation(bool _delegation) external onlyOwner {
                  delegation = _delegation;
              }
              function drain(
                  address token,
                  address payable destination,
                  uint256 amount
              ) external onlyOwner {
                  if (token == address(0x0)) {
                      destination.transfer(amount);
                  } else {
                      require(ERC20(token).transfer(destination, amount), "Drain failed");
                  }
              }
              /**
                  New shares exit API
               */
              function sellVoucher_new(uint256 claimAmount, uint256 maximumSharesToBurn) public {
                  (uint256 shares, uint256 _withdrawPoolShare) = _sellVoucher(claimAmount, maximumSharesToBurn);
                  uint256 unbondNonce = unbondNonces[msg.sender].add(1);
                  DelegatorUnbond memory unbond = DelegatorUnbond({
                      shares: _withdrawPoolShare,
                      withdrawEpoch: stakeManager.epoch()
                  });
                  unbonds_new[msg.sender][unbondNonce] = unbond;
                  unbondNonces[msg.sender] = unbondNonce;
                  _getOrCacheEventsHub().logShareBurnedWithId(validatorId, msg.sender, claimAmount, shares, unbondNonce);
                  stakingLogger.logStakeUpdate(validatorId);
              }
              function unstakeClaimTokens_new(uint256 unbondNonce) public {
                  DelegatorUnbond memory unbond = unbonds_new[msg.sender][unbondNonce];
                  uint256 amount = _unstakeClaimTokens(unbond);
                  delete unbonds_new[msg.sender][unbondNonce];
                  _getOrCacheEventsHub().logDelegatorUnstakedWithId(validatorId, msg.sender, amount, unbondNonce);
              }
              /**
                  Private Methods
               */
              function _getOrCacheEventsHub() private returns(EventsHub) {
                  EventsHub _eventsHub = eventsHub;
                  if (_eventsHub == EventsHub(0x0)) {
                      _eventsHub = EventsHub(Registry(stakeManager.getRegistry()).contractMap(keccak256("eventsHub")));
                      eventsHub = _eventsHub;
                  }
                  return _eventsHub;
              }
              function _sellVoucher(uint256 claimAmount, uint256 maximumSharesToBurn) private returns(uint256, uint256) {
                  // first get how much staked in total and compare to target unstake amount
                  (uint256 totalStaked, uint256 rate) = getTotalStake(msg.sender);
                  require(totalStaked != 0 && totalStaked >= claimAmount, "Too much requested");
                  // convert requested amount back to shares
                  uint256 precision = _getRatePrecision();
                  uint256 shares = claimAmount.mul(precision).div(rate);
                  require(shares <= maximumSharesToBurn, "too much slippage");
                  _withdrawAndTransferReward(msg.sender);
                  _burn(msg.sender, shares);
                  stakeManager.updateValidatorState(validatorId, -int256(claimAmount));
                  activeAmount = activeAmount.sub(claimAmount);
                  uint256 _withdrawPoolShare = claimAmount.mul(precision).div(withdrawExchangeRate());
                  withdrawPool = withdrawPool.add(claimAmount);
                  withdrawShares = withdrawShares.add(_withdrawPoolShare);
                  return (shares, _withdrawPoolShare);
              }
              function _unstakeClaimTokens(DelegatorUnbond memory unbond) private returns(uint256) {
                  uint256 shares = unbond.shares;
                  require(
                      unbond.withdrawEpoch.add(stakeManager.withdrawalDelay()) <= stakeManager.epoch() && shares > 0,
                      "Incomplete withdrawal period"
                  );
                  uint256 _amount = withdrawExchangeRate().mul(shares).div(_getRatePrecision());
                  withdrawShares = withdrawShares.sub(shares);
                  withdrawPool = withdrawPool.sub(_amount);
                  require(stakeManager.transferFunds(validatorId, _amount, msg.sender), "Insufficent rewards");
                  return _amount;
              }
              function _getRatePrecision() private view returns (uint256) {
                  // if foundation validator, use old precision
                  if (validatorId < 8) {
                      return EXCHANGE_RATE_PRECISION;
                  }
                  return EXCHANGE_RATE_HIGH_PRECISION;
              }
              function _calculateRewardPerShareWithRewards(uint256 accumulatedReward) private view returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 _rewardPerShare = rewardPerShare;
                  if (accumulatedReward != 0) {
                      uint256 totalShares = totalSupply();
                      
                      if (totalShares != 0) {
                          _rewardPerShare = _rewardPerShare.add(accumulatedReward.mul(REWARD_PRECISION).div(totalShares));
                      }
                  }
                  return _rewardPerShare;
              }
              function _calculateReward(address user, uint256 _rewardPerShare) private view returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 shares = balanceOf(user);
                  if (shares == 0) {
                      return 0;
                  }
                  uint256 _initialRewardPerShare = initalRewardPerShare[user];
                  if (_initialRewardPerShare == _rewardPerShare) {
                      return 0;
                  }
                  return _rewardPerShare.sub(_initialRewardPerShare).mul(shares).div(REWARD_PRECISION);
              }
              function _withdrawReward(address user) private returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 _rewardPerShare = _calculateRewardPerShareWithRewards(
                      stakeManager.withdrawDelegatorsReward(validatorId)
                  );
                  uint256 liquidRewards = _calculateReward(user, _rewardPerShare);
                  
                  rewardPerShare = _rewardPerShare;
                  initalRewardPerShare[user] = _rewardPerShare;
                  return liquidRewards;
              }
              function _withdrawAndTransferReward(address user) private returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 liquidRewards = _withdrawReward(user);
                  if (liquidRewards != 0) {
                      require(stakeManager.transferFunds(validatorId, liquidRewards, user), "Insufficent rewards");
                      stakingLogger.logDelegatorClaimRewards(validatorId, user, liquidRewards);
                  }
                  return liquidRewards;
              }
              function _buyShares(
                  uint256 _amount,
                  uint256 _minSharesToMint,
                  address user
              ) private onlyWhenUnlocked returns (uint256) {
                  require(delegation, "Delegation is disabled");
                  uint256 rate = exchangeRate();
                  uint256 precision = _getRatePrecision();
                  uint256 shares = _amount.mul(precision).div(rate);
                  require(shares >= _minSharesToMint, "Too much slippage");
                  require(unbonds[user].shares == 0, "Ongoing exit");
                  _mint(user, shares);
                  // clamp amount of tokens in case resulted shares requires less tokens than anticipated
                  _amount = rate.mul(shares).div(precision);
                  stakeManager.updateValidatorState(validatorId, int256(_amount));
                  activeAmount = activeAmount.add(_amount);
                  StakingInfo logger = stakingLogger;
                  logger.logShareMinted(validatorId, user, _amount, shares);
                  logger.logStakeUpdate(validatorId);
                  return _amount;
              }
              function _transfer(
                  address from,
                  address to,
                  uint256 value
              ) internal {
                  // get rewards for recipient 
                  _withdrawAndTransferReward(to);
                  // convert rewards to shares
                  _withdrawAndTransferReward(from);
                  // move shares to recipient
                  super._transfer(from, to, value);
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {DelegateProxy} from "./DelegateProxy.sol";
          contract UpgradableProxy is DelegateProxy {
              event ProxyUpdated(address indexed _new, address indexed _old);
              event OwnerUpdate(address _new, address _old);
              bytes32 constant IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT = keccak256("matic.network.proxy.implementation");
              bytes32 constant OWNER_SLOT = keccak256("matic.network.proxy.owner");
              constructor(address _proxyTo) public {
                  setOwner(msg.sender);
                  setImplementation(_proxyTo);
              }
              function() external payable {
                  // require(currentContract != 0, "If app code has not been set yet, do not call");
                  // Todo: filter out some calls or handle in the end fallback
                  delegatedFwd(loadImplementation(), msg.data);
              }
              modifier onlyProxyOwner() {
                  require(loadOwner() == msg.sender, "NOT_OWNER");
                  _;
              }
              function owner() external view returns(address) {
                  return loadOwner();
              }
              function loadOwner() internal view returns(address) {
                  address _owner;
                  bytes32 position = OWNER_SLOT;
                  assembly {
                      _owner := sload(position)
                  }
                  return _owner;
              }
              function implementation() external view returns (address) {
                  return loadImplementation();
              }
              function loadImplementation() internal view returns(address) {
                  address _impl;
                  bytes32 position = IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT;
                  assembly {
                      _impl := sload(position)
                  }
                  return _impl;
              }
              function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyProxyOwner {
                  require(newOwner != address(0), "ZERO_ADDRESS");
                  emit OwnerUpdate(newOwner, loadOwner());
                  setOwner(newOwner);
              }
              function setOwner(address newOwner) private {
                  bytes32 position = OWNER_SLOT;
                  assembly {
                      sstore(position, newOwner)
                  }
              }
              function updateImplementation(address _newProxyTo) public onlyProxyOwner {
                  require(_newProxyTo != address(0x0), "INVALID_PROXY_ADDRESS");
                  require(isContract(_newProxyTo), "DESTINATION_ADDRESS_IS_NOT_A_CONTRACT");
                  emit ProxyUpdated(_newProxyTo, loadImplementation());
                  
                  setImplementation(_newProxyTo);
              }
              function updateAndCall(address _newProxyTo, bytes memory data) payable public onlyProxyOwner {
                  updateImplementation(_newProxyTo);
                  (bool success, bytes memory returnData) = address(this).call.value(msg.value)(data);
                  require(success, string(returnData));
              }
              function setImplementation(address _newProxyTo) private {
                  bytes32 position = IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT;
                  assembly {
                      sstore(position, _newProxyTo)
                  }
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          library Merkle {
              function checkMembership(
                  bytes32 leaf,
                  uint256 index,
                  bytes32 rootHash,
                  bytes memory proof
              ) public pure returns (bool) {
                  require(proof.length % 32 == 0, "Invalid proof length");
                  uint256 proofHeight = proof.length / 32;
                  // Proof of size n means, height of the tree is n+1.
                  // In a tree of height n+1, max #leafs possible is 2 ^ n
                  require(index < 2 ** proofHeight, "Leaf index is too big");
                  bytes32 proofElement;
                  bytes32 computedHash = leaf;
                  for (uint256 i = 32; i <= proof.length; i += 32) {
                      assembly {
                          proofElement := mload(add(proof, i))
                      }
                      if (index % 2 == 0) {
                          computedHash = keccak256(
                              abi.encodePacked(computedHash, proofElement)
                          );
                      } else {
                          computedHash = keccak256(
                              abi.encodePacked(proofElement, computedHash)
                          );
                      }
                      index = index / 2;
                  }
                  return computedHash == rootHash;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {ERC20} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol";
          contract ERC20NonTradable is ERC20 {
              function _approve(
                  address owner,
                  address spender,
                  uint256 value
              ) internal {
                  revert("disabled");
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Ownable} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol";
          /**
           * @title RootChainable
           */
          contract RootChainable is Ownable {
              address public rootChain;
              // Rootchain changed
              event RootChainChanged(
                  address indexed previousRootChain,
                  address indexed newRootChain
              );
              // only root chain
              modifier onlyRootChain() {
                  require(msg.sender == rootChain);
                  _;
              }
              /**
             * @dev Allows the current owner to change root chain address.
             * @param newRootChain The address to new rootchain.
             */
              function changeRootChain(address newRootChain) public onlyOwner {
                  require(newRootChain != address(0));
                  emit RootChainChanged(rootChain, newRootChain);
                  rootChain = newRootChain;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title SafeMath
           * @dev Unsigned math operations with safety checks that revert on error
           */
          library SafeMath {
              /**
               * @dev Multiplies two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow.
               */
              function mul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
                  // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
                  // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-solidity/pull/522
                  if (a == 0) {
                      return 0;
                  }
                  uint256 c = a * b;
                  require(c / a == b);
                  return c;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Integer division of two unsigned integers truncating the quotient, reverts on division by zero.
               */
              function div(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  // Solidity only automatically asserts when dividing by 0
                  require(b > 0);
                  uint256 c = a / b;
                  // assert(a == b * c + a % b); // There is no case in which this doesn't hold
                  return c;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Subtracts two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow (i.e. if subtrahend is greater than minuend).
               */
              function sub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  require(b <= a);
                  uint256 c = a - b;
                  return c;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Adds two unsigned integers, reverts on overflow.
               */
              function add(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  uint256 c = a + b;
                  require(c >= a);
                  return c;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Divides two unsigned integers and returns the remainder (unsigned integer modulo),
               * reverts when dividing by zero.
               */
              function mod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  require(b != 0);
                  return a % b;
              }
          }
          // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
          /*
          * @author Hamdi Allam hamdi.allam97@gmail.com
          * Please reach out with any questions or concerns
          */
          pragma solidity >=0.5.0 <0.7.0;
          library RLPReader {
              uint8 constant STRING_SHORT_START = 0x80;
              uint8 constant STRING_LONG_START  = 0xb8;
              uint8 constant LIST_SHORT_START   = 0xc0;
              uint8 constant LIST_LONG_START    = 0xf8;
              uint8 constant WORD_SIZE = 32;
              struct RLPItem {
                  uint len;
                  uint memPtr;
              }
              struct Iterator {
                  RLPItem item;   // Item that's being iterated over.
                  uint nextPtr;   // Position of the next item in the list.
              }
              /*
              * @dev Returns the next element in the iteration. Reverts if it has not next element.
              * @param self The iterator.
              * @return The next element in the iteration.
              */
              function next(Iterator memory self) internal pure returns (RLPItem memory) {
                  require(hasNext(self));
                  uint ptr = self.nextPtr;
                  uint itemLength = _itemLength(ptr);
                  self.nextPtr = ptr + itemLength;
                  return RLPItem(itemLength, ptr);
              }
              /*
              * @dev Returns true if the iteration has more elements.
              * @param self The iterator.
              * @return true if the iteration has more elements.
              */
              function hasNext(Iterator memory self) internal pure returns (bool) {
                  RLPItem memory item = self.item;
                  return self.nextPtr < item.memPtr + item.len;
              }
              /*
              * @param item RLP encoded bytes
              */
              function toRlpItem(bytes memory item) internal pure returns (RLPItem memory) {
                  uint memPtr;
                  assembly {
                      memPtr := add(item, 0x20)
                  }
                  return RLPItem(item.length, memPtr);
              }
              /*
              * @dev Create an iterator. Reverts if item is not a list.
              * @param self The RLP item.
              * @return An 'Iterator' over the item.
              */
              function iterator(RLPItem memory self) internal pure returns (Iterator memory) {
                  require(isList(self));
                  uint ptr = self.memPtr + _payloadOffset(self.memPtr);
                  return Iterator(self, ptr);
              }
              /*
              * @param the RLP item.
              */
              function rlpLen(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint) {
                  return item.len;
              }
              /*
               * @param the RLP item.
               * @return (memPtr, len) pair: location of the item's payload in memory.
               */
              function payloadLocation(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint, uint) {
                  uint offset = _payloadOffset(item.memPtr);
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr + offset;
                  uint len = item.len - offset; // data length
                  return (memPtr, len);
              }
              /*
              * @param the RLP item.
              */
              function payloadLen(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint) {
                  (, uint len) = payloadLocation(item);
                  return len;
              }
              /*
              * @param the RLP item containing the encoded list.
              */
              function toList(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (RLPItem[] memory) {
                  require(isList(item));
                  uint items = numItems(item);
                  RLPItem[] memory result = new RLPItem[](items);
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr + _payloadOffset(item.memPtr);
                  uint dataLen;
                  for (uint i = 0; i < items; i++) {
                      dataLen = _itemLength(memPtr);
                      result[i] = RLPItem(dataLen, memPtr); 
                      memPtr = memPtr + dataLen;
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              // @return indicator whether encoded payload is a list. negate this function call for isData.
              function isList(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bool) {
                  if (item.len == 0) return false;
                  uint8 byte0;
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr;
                  assembly {
                      byte0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
                  }
                  if (byte0 < LIST_SHORT_START)
                      return false;
                  return true;
              }
              /*
               * @dev A cheaper version of keccak256(toRlpBytes(item)) that avoids copying memory.
               * @return keccak256 hash of RLP encoded bytes.
               */
              function rlpBytesKeccak256(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
                  uint256 ptr = item.memPtr;
                  uint256 len = item.len;
                  bytes32 result;
                  assembly {
                      result := keccak256(ptr, len)
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              /*
               * @dev A cheaper version of keccak256(toBytes(item)) that avoids copying memory.
               * @return keccak256 hash of the item payload.
               */
              function payloadKeccak256(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
                  (uint memPtr, uint len) = payloadLocation(item);
                  bytes32 result;
                  assembly {
                      result := keccak256(memPtr, len)
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              /** RLPItem conversions into data types **/
              // @returns raw rlp encoding in bytes
              function toRlpBytes(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
                  bytes memory result = new bytes(item.len);
                  if (result.length == 0) return result;
                  
                  uint ptr;
                  assembly {
                      ptr := add(0x20, result)
                  }
                  copy(item.memPtr, ptr, item.len);
                  return result;
              }
              // any non-zero byte except "0x80" is considered true
              function toBoolean(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bool) {
                  require(item.len == 1);
                  uint result;
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr;
                  assembly {
                      result := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
                  }
                  // SEE Github Issue #5.
                  // Summary: Most commonly used RLP libraries (i.e Geth) will encode
                  // "0" as "0x80" instead of as "0". We handle this edge case explicitly
                  // here.
                  if (result == 0 || result == STRING_SHORT_START) {
                      return false;
                  } else {
                      return true;
                  }
              }
              function toAddress(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (address) {
                  // 1 byte for the length prefix
                  require(item.len == 21);
                  return address(toUint(item));
              }
              function toUint(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint) {
                  require(item.len > 0 && item.len <= 33);
                  (uint memPtr, uint len) = payloadLocation(item);
                  uint result;
                  assembly {
                      result := mload(memPtr)
                      // shfit to the correct location if neccesary
                      if lt(len, 32) {
                          result := div(result, exp(256, sub(32, len)))
                      }
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              // enforces 32 byte length
              function toUintStrict(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (uint) {
                  // one byte prefix
                  require(item.len == 33);
                  uint result;
                  uint memPtr = item.memPtr + 1;
                  assembly {
                      result := mload(memPtr)
                  }
                  return result;
              }
              function toBytes(RLPItem memory item) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
                  require(item.len > 0);
                  (uint memPtr, uint len) = payloadLocation(item);
                  bytes memory result = new bytes(len);
                  uint destPtr;
                  assembly {
                      destPtr := add(0x20, result)
                  }
                  copy(memPtr, destPtr, len);
                  return result;
              }
              /*
              * Private Helpers
              */
              // @return number of payload items inside an encoded list.
              function numItems(RLPItem memory item) private pure returns (uint) {
                  if (item.len == 0) return 0;
                  uint count = 0;
                  uint currPtr = item.memPtr + _payloadOffset(item.memPtr);
                  uint endPtr = item.memPtr + item.len;
                  while (currPtr < endPtr) {
                     currPtr = currPtr + _itemLength(currPtr); // skip over an item
                     count++;
                  }
                  return count;
              }
              // @return entire rlp item byte length
              function _itemLength(uint memPtr) private pure returns (uint) {
                  uint itemLen;
                  uint byte0;
                  assembly {
                      byte0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
                  }
                  if (byte0 < STRING_SHORT_START)
                      itemLen = 1;
                  
                  else if (byte0 < STRING_LONG_START)
                      itemLen = byte0 - STRING_SHORT_START + 1;
                  else if (byte0 < LIST_SHORT_START) {
                      assembly {
                          let byteLen := sub(byte0, 0xb7) // # of bytes the actual length is
                          memPtr := add(memPtr, 1) // skip over the first byte
                          
                          /* 32 byte word size */
                          let dataLen := div(mload(memPtr), exp(256, sub(32, byteLen))) // right shifting to get the len
                          itemLen := add(dataLen, add(byteLen, 1))
                      }
                  }
                  else if (byte0 < LIST_LONG_START) {
                      itemLen = byte0 - LIST_SHORT_START + 1;
                  } 
                  else {
                      assembly {
                          let byteLen := sub(byte0, 0xf7)
                          memPtr := add(memPtr, 1)
                          let dataLen := div(mload(memPtr), exp(256, sub(32, byteLen))) // right shifting to the correct length
                          itemLen := add(dataLen, add(byteLen, 1))
                      }
                  }
                  return itemLen;
              }
              // @return number of bytes until the data
              function _payloadOffset(uint memPtr) private pure returns (uint) {
                  uint byte0;
                  assembly {
                      byte0 := byte(0, mload(memPtr))
                  }
                  if (byte0 < STRING_SHORT_START) 
                      return 0;
                  else if (byte0 < STRING_LONG_START || (byte0 >= LIST_SHORT_START && byte0 < LIST_LONG_START))
                      return 1;
                  else if (byte0 < LIST_SHORT_START)  // being explicit
                      return byte0 - (STRING_LONG_START - 1) + 1;
                  else
                      return byte0 - (LIST_LONG_START - 1) + 1;
              }
              /*
              * @param src Pointer to source
              * @param dest Pointer to destination
              * @param len Amount of memory to copy from the source
              */
              function copy(uint src, uint dest, uint len) private pure {
                  if (len == 0) return;
                  // copy as many word sizes as possible
                  for (; len >= WORD_SIZE; len -= WORD_SIZE) {
                      assembly {
                          mstore(dest, mload(src))
                      }
                      src += WORD_SIZE;
                      dest += WORD_SIZE;
                  }
                  if (len > 0) {
                      // left over bytes. Mask is used to remove unwanted bytes from the word
                      uint mask = 256 ** (WORD_SIZE - len) - 1;
                      assembly {
                          let srcpart := and(mload(src), not(mask)) // zero out src
                          let destpart := and(mload(dest), mask) // retrieve the bytes
                          mstore(dest, or(destpart, srcpart))
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Governable} from "../governance/Governable.sol";
          import {Lockable} from "./Lockable.sol";
          contract GovernanceLockable is Lockable, Governable {
              constructor(address governance) public Governable(governance) {}
              function lock() public onlyGovernance {
                  super.lock();
              }
              function unlock() public onlyGovernance {
                  super.unlock();
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "../../introspection/IERC165.sol";
          /**
           * @title ERC721 Non-Fungible Token Standard basic interface
           * @dev see https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
           */
          contract IERC721 is IERC165 {
              event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);
              event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);
              event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);
              function balanceOf(address owner) public view returns (uint256 balance);
              function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address owner);
              function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public;
              function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address operator);
              function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) public;
              function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view returns (bool);
              function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public;
              function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public;
              function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data) public;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "./IERC721.sol";
          /**
           * @title ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard, optional enumeration extension
           * @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
           */
          contract IERC721Enumerable is IERC721 {
              function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256);
              function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address owner, uint256 index) public view returns (uint256 tokenId);
              function tokenByIndex(uint256 index) public view returns (uint256);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Registry} from "../common/Registry.sol";
          import {Initializable} from "../common/mixin/Initializable.sol";
          contract IStakeManagerEventsHub {
              struct Validator {
                  uint256 amount;
                  uint256 reward;
                  uint256 activationEpoch;
                  uint256 deactivationEpoch;
                  uint256 jailTime;
                  address signer;
                  address contractAddress;
              }
              mapping(uint256 => Validator) public validators;
          }
          contract EventsHub is Initializable {
              Registry public registry;
              modifier onlyValidatorContract(uint256 validatorId) {
                  address _contract;
                  (, , , , , , _contract) = IStakeManagerEventsHub(registry.getStakeManagerAddress()).validators(validatorId);
                  require(_contract == msg.sender, "not validator");
                  _;
              }
              modifier onlyStakeManager() {
                  require(registry.getStakeManagerAddress() == msg.sender,
                  "Invalid sender, not stake manager");
                  _;
              }
              function initialize(Registry _registry) external initializer {
                  registry = _registry;
              }
              event ShareBurnedWithId(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 indexed amount,
                  uint256 tokens,
                  uint256 nonce
              );
              function logShareBurnedWithId(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 tokens,
                  uint256 nonce
              ) public onlyValidatorContract(validatorId) {
                  emit ShareBurnedWithId(validatorId, user, amount, tokens, nonce);
              }
              event DelegatorUnstakeWithId(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 nonce
              );
              function logDelegatorUnstakedWithId(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 nonce
              ) public onlyValidatorContract(validatorId) {
                  emit DelegatorUnstakeWithId(validatorId, user, amount, nonce);
              }
              event RewardParams(
                  uint256 rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint,
                  uint256 maxRewardedCheckpoints,
                  uint256 checkpointRewardDelta
              );
              function logRewardParams(
                  uint256 rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint,
                  uint256 maxRewardedCheckpoints,
                  uint256 checkpointRewardDelta
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit RewardParams(rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint, maxRewardedCheckpoints, checkpointRewardDelta);
              }
              event UpdateCommissionRate(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 indexed newCommissionRate,
                  uint256 indexed oldCommissionRate
              );
              function logUpdateCommissionRate(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 newCommissionRate,
                  uint256 oldCommissionRate
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit UpdateCommissionRate(
                      validatorId,
                      newCommissionRate,
                      oldCommissionRate
                  );
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "./ERC721.sol";
          import "./ERC721Enumerable.sol";
          import "./ERC721Metadata.sol";
          /**
           * @title Full ERC721 Token
           * This implementation includes all the required and some optional functionality of the ERC721 standard
           * Moreover, it includes approve all functionality using operator terminology
           * @dev see https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
           */
          contract ERC721Full is ERC721, ERC721Enumerable, ERC721Metadata {
              constructor (string memory name, string memory symbol) public ERC721Metadata(name, symbol) {
                  // solhint-disable-previous-line no-empty-blocks
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          library ECVerify {
              function ecrecovery(bytes32 hash, uint[3] memory sig)
                  internal
                  pure
                  returns (address)
              {
                  bytes32 r;
                  bytes32 s;
                  uint8 v;
                  assembly {
                      r := mload(sig)
                      s := mload(add(sig, 32))
                      v := byte(31, mload(add(sig, 64)))
                  }
                  if (uint256(s) > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0) {
                      return address(0x0);
                  }
                  // https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/2053
                  if (v < 27) {
                      v += 27;
                  }
                  if (v != 27 && v != 28) {
                      return address(0x0);
                  }
                  // get address out of hash and signature
                  address result = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
                  // ecrecover returns zero on error
                  require(result != address(0x0));
                  return result;
              }
              function ecrecovery(bytes32 hash, bytes memory sig)
                  internal
                  pure
                  returns (address)
              {
                  bytes32 r;
                  bytes32 s;
                  uint8 v;
                  if (sig.length != 65) {
                      return address(0x0);
                  }
                  assembly {
                      r := mload(add(sig, 32))
                      s := mload(add(sig, 64))
                      v := and(mload(add(sig, 65)), 255)
                  }
                  // https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/2053
                  if (v < 27) {
                      v += 27;
                  }
                  if (v != 27 && v != 28) {
                      return address(0x0);
                  }
                  // get address out of hash and signature
                  address result = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
                  // ecrecover returns zero on error
                  require(result != address(0x0));
                  return result;
              }
              function ecrecovery(bytes32 hash, uint8 v, bytes32 r, bytes32 s)
                  internal
                  pure
                  returns (address)
              {
                  // get address out of hash and signature
                  address result = ecrecover(hash, v, r, s);
                  // ecrecover returns zero on error
                  require(result != address(0x0), "signature verification failed");
                  return result;
              }
              function ecverify(bytes32 hash, bytes memory sig, address signer)
                  internal
                  pure
                  returns (bool)
              {
                  return signer == ecrecovery(hash, sig);
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {ValidatorShareProxy} from "./ValidatorShareProxy.sol";
          import {ValidatorShare} from "./ValidatorShare.sol";
          contract ValidatorShareFactory {
              /**
              - factory to create new validatorShare contracts
             */
              function create(uint256 validatorId, address loggerAddress, address registry) public returns (address) {
                  ValidatorShareProxy proxy = new ValidatorShareProxy(registry);
                  proxy.transferOwnership(msg.sender);
                  address proxyAddr = address(proxy);
                  (bool success, bytes memory data) = proxyAddr.call.gas(gasleft())(
                      abi.encodeWithSelector(
                          ValidatorShare(proxyAddr).initialize.selector, 
                          validatorId, 
                          loggerAddress, 
                          msg.sender
                      )
                  );
                  require(success, string(data));
                  return proxyAddr;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "./IERC20.sol";
          import "../../math/SafeMath.sol";
          /**
           * @title Standard ERC20 token
           *
           * @dev Implementation of the basic standard token.
           * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20
           * Originally based on code by FirstBlood:
           * https://github.com/Firstbloodio/token/blob/master/smart_contract/FirstBloodToken.sol
           *
           * This implementation emits additional Approval events, allowing applications to reconstruct the allowance status for
           * all accounts just by listening to said events. Note that this isn't required by the specification, and other
           * compliant implementations may not do it.
           */
          contract ERC20 is IERC20 {
              using SafeMath for uint256;
              mapping (address => uint256) private _balances;
              mapping (address => mapping (address => uint256)) private _allowed;
              uint256 private _totalSupply;
              /**
               * @dev Total number of tokens in existence
               */
              function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
                  return _totalSupply;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address.
               * @param owner The address to query the balance of.
               * @return A uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address.
               */
              function balanceOf(address owner) public view returns (uint256) {
                  return _balances[owner];
              }
              /**
               * @dev Function to check the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
               * @param owner address The address which owns the funds.
               * @param spender address The address which will spend the funds.
               * @return A uint256 specifying the amount of tokens still available for the spender.
               */
              function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view returns (uint256) {
                  return _allowed[owner][spender];
              }
              /**
               * @dev Transfer token to a specified address
               * @param to The address to transfer to.
               * @param value The amount to be transferred.
               */
              function transfer(address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool) {
                  _transfer(msg.sender, to, value);
                  return true;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Approve the passed address to spend the specified amount of tokens on behalf of msg.sender.
               * Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk that someone may use both the old
               * and the new allowance by unfortunate transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this
               * race condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the desired value afterwards:
               * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
               * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
               * @param value The amount of tokens to be spent.
               */
              function approve(address spender, uint256 value) public returns (bool) {
                  _approve(msg.sender, spender, value);
                  return true;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Transfer tokens from one address to another.
               * Note that while this function emits an Approval event, this is not required as per the specification,
               * and other compliant implementations may not emit the event.
               * @param from address The address which you want to send tokens from
               * @param to address The address which you want to transfer to
               * @param value uint256 the amount of tokens to be transferred
               */
              function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public returns (bool) {
                  _transfer(from, to, value);
                  _approve(from, msg.sender, _allowed[from][msg.sender].sub(value));
                  return true;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Increase the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
               * approve should be called when _allowed[msg.sender][spender] == 0. To increment
               * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
               * the first transaction is mined)
               * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
               * Emits an Approval event.
               * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
               * @param addedValue The amount of tokens to increase the allowance by.
               */
              function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public returns (bool) {
                  _approve(msg.sender, spender, _allowed[msg.sender][spender].add(addedValue));
                  return true;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Decrease the amount of tokens that an owner allowed to a spender.
               * approve should be called when _allowed[msg.sender][spender] == 0. To decrement
               * allowed value is better to use this function to avoid 2 calls (and wait until
               * the first transaction is mined)
               * From MonolithDAO Token.sol
               * Emits an Approval event.
               * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
               * @param subtractedValue The amount of tokens to decrease the allowance by.
               */
              function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public returns (bool) {
                  _approve(msg.sender, spender, _allowed[msg.sender][spender].sub(subtractedValue));
                  return true;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Transfer token for a specified addresses
               * @param from The address to transfer from.
               * @param to The address to transfer to.
               * @param value The amount to be transferred.
               */
              function _transfer(address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
                  require(to != address(0));
                  _balances[from] = _balances[from].sub(value);
                  _balances[to] = _balances[to].add(value);
                  emit Transfer(from, to, value);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function that mints an amount of the token and assigns it to
               * an account. This encapsulates the modification of balances such that the
               * proper events are emitted.
               * @param account The account that will receive the created tokens.
               * @param value The amount that will be created.
               */
              function _mint(address account, uint256 value) internal {
                  require(account != address(0));
                  _totalSupply = _totalSupply.add(value);
                  _balances[account] = _balances[account].add(value);
                  emit Transfer(address(0), account, value);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function that burns an amount of the token of a given
               * account.
               * @param account The account whose tokens will be burnt.
               * @param value The amount that will be burnt.
               */
              function _burn(address account, uint256 value) internal {
                  require(account != address(0));
                  _totalSupply = _totalSupply.sub(value);
                  _balances[account] = _balances[account].sub(value);
                  emit Transfer(account, address(0), value);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Approve an address to spend another addresses' tokens.
               * @param owner The address that owns the tokens.
               * @param spender The address that will spend the tokens.
               * @param value The number of tokens that can be spent.
               */
              function _approve(address owner, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
                  require(spender != address(0));
                  require(owner != address(0));
                  _allowed[owner][spender] = value;
                  emit Approval(owner, spender, value);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function that burns an amount of the token of a given
               * account, deducting from the sender's allowance for said account. Uses the
               * internal burn function.
               * Emits an Approval event (reflecting the reduced allowance).
               * @param account The account whose tokens will be burnt.
               * @param value The amount that will be burnt.
               */
              function _burnFrom(address account, uint256 value) internal {
                  _burn(account, value);
                  _approve(account, msg.sender, _allowed[account][msg.sender].sub(value));
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title Ownable
           * @dev The Ownable contract has an owner address, and provides basic authorization control
           * functions, this simplifies the implementation of "user permissions".
           */
          contract Ownable {
              address private _owner;
              event OwnershipTransferred(address indexed previousOwner, address indexed newOwner);
              /**
               * @dev The Ownable constructor sets the original `owner` of the contract to the sender
               * account.
               */
              constructor () internal {
                  _owner = msg.sender;
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(address(0), _owner);
              }
              /**
               * @return the address of the owner.
               */
              function owner() public view returns (address) {
                  return _owner;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Throws if called by any account other than the owner.
               */
              modifier onlyOwner() {
                  require(isOwner());
                  _;
              }
              /**
               * @return true if `msg.sender` is the owner of the contract.
               */
              function isOwner() public view returns (bool) {
                  return msg.sender == _owner;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Allows the current owner to relinquish control of the contract.
               * It will not be possible to call the functions with the `onlyOwner`
               * modifier anymore.
               * @notice Renouncing ownership will leave the contract without an owner,
               * thereby removing any functionality that is only available to the owner.
               */
              function renounceOwnership() public onlyOwner {
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, address(0));
                  _owner = address(0);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Allows the current owner to transfer control of the contract to a newOwner.
               * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
               */
              function transferOwnership(address newOwner) public onlyOwner {
                  _transferOwnership(newOwner);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Transfers control of the contract to a newOwner.
               * @param newOwner The address to transfer ownership to.
               */
              function _transferOwnership(address newOwner) internal {
                  require(newOwner != address(0));
                  emit OwnershipTransferred(_owner, newOwner);
                  _owner = newOwner;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title Math
           * @dev Assorted math operations
           */
          library Math {
              /**
               * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
               */
              function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  return a >= b ? a : b;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
               */
              function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  return a < b ? a : b;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Calculates the average of two numbers. Since these are integers,
               * averages of an even and odd number cannot be represented, and will be
               * rounded down.
               */
              function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
                  // (a + b) / 2 can overflow, so we distribute
                  return (a / 2) + (b / 2) + ((a % 2 + b % 2) / 2);
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {IGovernance} from "./IGovernance.sol";
          contract Governable {
              IGovernance public governance;
              constructor(address _governance) public {
                  governance = IGovernance(_governance);
              }
              modifier onlyGovernance() {
                  _assertGovernance();
                  _;
              }
              function _assertGovernance() private view {
                  require(
                      msg.sender == address(governance),
                      "Only governance contract is authorized"
                  );
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "./ERC721.sol";
          import "./IERC721Metadata.sol";
          import "../../introspection/ERC165.sol";
          contract ERC721Metadata is ERC165, ERC721, IERC721Metadata {
              // Token name
              string private _name;
              // Token symbol
              string private _symbol;
              // Optional mapping for token URIs
              mapping(uint256 => string) private _tokenURIs;
              bytes4 private constant _INTERFACE_ID_ERC721_METADATA = 0x5b5e139f;
              /*
               * 0x5b5e139f ===
               *     bytes4(keccak256('name()')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('symbol()')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('tokenURI(uint256)'))
               */
              /**
               * @dev Constructor function
               */
              constructor (string memory name, string memory symbol) public {
                  _name = name;
                  _symbol = symbol;
                  // register the supported interfaces to conform to ERC721 via ERC165
                  _registerInterface(_INTERFACE_ID_ERC721_METADATA);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the token name
               * @return string representing the token name
               */
              function name() external view returns (string memory) {
                  return _name;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the token symbol
               * @return string representing the token symbol
               */
              function symbol() external view returns (string memory) {
                  return _symbol;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Returns an URI for a given token ID
               * Throws if the token ID does not exist. May return an empty string.
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to query
               */
              function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory) {
                  require(_exists(tokenId));
                  return _tokenURIs[tokenId];
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to set the token URI for a given token
               * Reverts if the token ID does not exist
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to set its URI
               * @param uri string URI to assign
               */
              function _setTokenURI(uint256 tokenId, string memory uri) internal {
                  require(_exists(tokenId));
                  _tokenURIs[tokenId] = uri;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to burn a specific token
               * Reverts if the token does not exist
               * Deprecated, use _burn(uint256) instead
               * @param owner owner of the token to burn
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token being burned by the msg.sender
               */
              function _burn(address owner, uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  super._burn(owner, tokenId);
                  // Clear metadata (if any)
                  if (bytes(_tokenURIs[tokenId]).length != 0) {
                      delete _tokenURIs[tokenId];
                  }
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title ERC721 token receiver interface
           * @dev Interface for any contract that wants to support safeTransfers
           * from ERC721 asset contracts.
           */
          contract IERC721Receiver {
              /**
               * @notice Handle the receipt of an NFT
               * @dev The ERC721 smart contract calls this function on the recipient
               * after a `safeTransfer`. This function MUST return the function selector,
               * otherwise the caller will revert the transaction. The selector to be
               * returned can be obtained as `this.onERC721Received.selector`. This
               * function MAY throw to revert and reject the transfer.
               * Note: the ERC721 contract address is always the message sender.
               * @param operator The address which called `safeTransferFrom` function
               * @param from The address which previously owned the token
               * @param tokenId The NFT identifier which is being transferred
               * @param data Additional data with no specified format
               * @return bytes4 `bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,address,uint256,bytes)"))`
               */
              function onERC721Received(address operator, address from, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory data)
              public returns (bytes4);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol";
          library BytesLib {
              function concat(bytes memory _preBytes, bytes memory _postBytes)
                  internal
                  pure
                  returns (bytes memory)
              {
                  bytes memory tempBytes;
                  assembly {
                      // Get a location of some free memory and store it in tempBytes as
                      // Solidity does for memory variables.
                      tempBytes := mload(0x40)
                      // Store the length of the first bytes array at the beginning of
                      // the memory for tempBytes.
                      let length := mload(_preBytes)
                      mstore(tempBytes, length)
                      // Maintain a memory counter for the current write location in the
                      // temp bytes array by adding the 32 bytes for the array length to
                      // the starting location.
                      let mc := add(tempBytes, 0x20)
                      // Stop copying when the memory counter reaches the length of the
                      // first bytes array.
                      let end := add(mc, length)
                      for {
                          // Initialize a copy counter to the start of the _preBytes data,
                          // 32 bytes into its memory.
                          let cc := add(_preBytes, 0x20)
                      } lt(mc, end) {
                          // Increase both counters by 32 bytes each iteration.
                          mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                          cc := add(cc, 0x20)
                      } {
                          // Write the _preBytes data into the tempBytes memory 32 bytes
                          // at a time.
                          mstore(mc, mload(cc))
                      }
                      // Add the length of _postBytes to the current length of tempBytes
                      // and store it as the new length in the first 32 bytes of the
                      // tempBytes memory.
                      length := mload(_postBytes)
                      mstore(tempBytes, add(length, mload(tempBytes)))
                      // Move the memory counter back from a multiple of 0x20 to the
                      // actual end of the _preBytes data.
                      mc := end
                      // Stop copying when the memory counter reaches the new combined
                      // length of the arrays.
                      end := add(mc, length)
                      for {
                          let cc := add(_postBytes, 0x20)
                      } lt(mc, end) {
                          mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                          cc := add(cc, 0x20)
                      } {
                          mstore(mc, mload(cc))
                      }
                      // Update the free-memory pointer by padding our last write location
                      // to 32 bytes: add 31 bytes to the end of tempBytes to move to the
                      // next 32 byte block, then round down to the nearest multiple of
                      // 32. If the sum of the length of the two arrays is zero then add
                      // one before rounding down to leave a blank 32 bytes (the length block with 0).
                      mstore(
                          0x40,
                          and(
                              add(add(end, iszero(add(length, mload(_preBytes)))), 31),
                              not(31) // Round down to the nearest 32 bytes.
                          )
                      )
                  }
                  return tempBytes;
              }
              function slice(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start, uint256 _length)
                  internal
                  pure
                  returns (bytes memory)
              {
                  require(_bytes.length >= (_start + _length));
                  bytes memory tempBytes;
                  assembly {
                      switch iszero(_length)
                          case 0 {
                              // Get a location of some free memory and store it in tempBytes as
                              // Solidity does for memory variables.
                              tempBytes := mload(0x40)
                              // The first word of the slice result is potentially a partial
                              // word read from the original array. To read it, we calculate
                              // the length of that partial word and start copying that many
                              // bytes into the array. The first word we copy will start with
                              // data we don't care about, but the last `lengthmod` bytes will
                              // land at the beginning of the contents of the new array. When
                              // we're done copying, we overwrite the full first word with
                              // the actual length of the slice.
                              let lengthmod := and(_length, 31)
                              // The multiplication in the next line is necessary
                              // because when slicing multiples of 32 bytes (lengthmod == 0)
                              // the following copy loop was copying the origin's length
                              // and then ending prematurely not copying everything it should.
                              let mc := add(
                                  add(tempBytes, lengthmod),
                                  mul(0x20, iszero(lengthmod))
                              )
                              let end := add(mc, _length)
                              for {
                                  // The multiplication in the next line has the same exact purpose
                                  // as the one above.
                                  let cc := add(
                                      add(
                                          add(_bytes, lengthmod),
                                          mul(0x20, iszero(lengthmod))
                                      ),
                                      _start
                                  )
                              } lt(mc, end) {
                                  mc := add(mc, 0x20)
                                  cc := add(cc, 0x20)
                              } {
                                  mstore(mc, mload(cc))
                              }
                              mstore(tempBytes, _length)
                              //update free-memory pointer
                              //allocating the array padded to 32 bytes like the compiler does now
                              mstore(0x40, and(add(mc, 31), not(31)))
                          }
                          //if we want a zero-length slice let's just return a zero-length array
                          default {
                              tempBytes := mload(0x40)
                              mstore(0x40, add(tempBytes, 0x20))
                          }
                  }
                  return tempBytes;
              }
              // Pad a bytes array to 32 bytes
              function leftPad(bytes memory _bytes) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
                  // may underflow if bytes.length < 32. Hence using SafeMath.sub
                  bytes memory newBytes = new bytes(SafeMath.sub(32, _bytes.length));
                  return concat(newBytes, _bytes);
              }
              function toBytes32(bytes memory b) internal pure returns (bytes32) {
                  require(b.length >= 32, "Bytes array should atleast be 32 bytes");
                  bytes32 out;
                  for (uint256 i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
                      out |= bytes32(b[i] & 0xFF) >> (i * 8);
                  }
                  return out;
              }
              function toBytes4(bytes memory b) internal pure returns (bytes4 result) {
                  assembly {
                      result := mload(add(b, 32))
                  }
              }
              function fromBytes32(bytes32 x) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
                  bytes memory b = new bytes(32);
                  for (uint256 i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
                      b[i] = bytes1(uint8(uint256(x) / (2**(8 * (31 - i)))));
                  }
                  return b;
              }
              function fromUint(uint256 _num) internal pure returns (bytes memory _ret) {
                  _ret = new bytes(32);
                  assembly {
                      mstore(add(_ret, 32), _num)
                  }
              }
              function toUint(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start)
                  internal
                  pure
                  returns (uint256)
              {
                  require(_bytes.length >= (_start + 32));
                  uint256 tempUint;
                  assembly {
                      tempUint := mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x20), _start))
                  }
                  return tempUint;
              }
              function toAddress(bytes memory _bytes, uint256 _start)
                  internal
                  pure
                  returns (address)
              {
                  require(_bytes.length >= (_start + 20));
                  address tempAddress;
                  assembly {
                      tempAddress := div(
                          mload(add(add(_bytes, 0x20), _start)),
                          0x1000000000000000000000000
                      )
                  }
                  return tempAddress;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity 0.5.17;
          contract IStakeManager {
              // validator replacement
              function startAuction(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes calldata signerPubkey
              ) external;
              function confirmAuctionBid(uint256 validatorId, uint256 heimdallFee) external;
              function transferFunds(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  address delegator
              ) external returns (bool);
              function delegationDeposit(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  address delegator
              ) external returns (bool);
              function unstake(uint256 validatorId) external;
              function totalStakedFor(address addr) external view returns (uint256);
              function stakeFor(
                  address user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 heimdallFee,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes memory signerPubkey
              ) public;
              function checkSignatures(
                  uint256 blockInterval,
                  uint256 epoch,
                  bytes32 voteHash,
                  bytes32 stateRoot,
                  address proposer,
                  uint[3][] calldata sigs
              ) external returns (uint256);
              function updateValidatorState(uint256 validatorId, int256 amount) public;
              function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address);
              function slash(bytes calldata slashingInfoList) external returns (uint256);
              function validatorStake(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (uint256);
              function epoch() public view returns (uint256);
              function getRegistry() public view returns (address);
              function withdrawalDelay() public view returns (uint256);
              function delegatedAmount(uint256 validatorId) public view returns(uint256);
              function decreaseValidatorDelegatedAmount(uint256 validatorId, uint256 amount) public;
              function withdrawDelegatorsReward(uint256 validatorId) public returns(uint256);
              function delegatorsReward(uint256 validatorId) public view returns(uint256);
              function dethroneAndStake(
                  address auctionUser,
                  uint256 heimdallFee,
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 auctionAmount,
                  bool acceptDelegation,
                  bytes calldata signerPubkey
              ) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "./IERC165.sol";
          /**
           * @title ERC165
           * @author Matt Condon (@shrugs)
           * @dev Implements ERC165 using a lookup table.
           */
          contract ERC165 is IERC165 {
              bytes4 private constant _INTERFACE_ID_ERC165 = 0x01ffc9a7;
              /*
               * 0x01ffc9a7 ===
               *     bytes4(keccak256('supportsInterface(bytes4)'))
               */
              /**
               * @dev a mapping of interface id to whether or not it's supported
               */
              mapping(bytes4 => bool) private _supportedInterfaces;
              /**
               * @dev A contract implementing SupportsInterfaceWithLookup
               * implement ERC165 itself
               */
              constructor () internal {
                  _registerInterface(_INTERFACE_ID_ERC165);
              }
              /**
               * @dev implement supportsInterface(bytes4) using a lookup table
               */
              function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool) {
                  return _supportedInterfaces[interfaceId];
              }
              /**
               * @dev internal method for registering an interface
               */
              function _registerInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) internal {
                  require(interfaceId != 0xffffffff);
                  _supportedInterfaces[interfaceId] = true;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "./IERC721.sol";
          /**
           * @title ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard, optional metadata extension
           * @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
           */
          contract IERC721Metadata is IERC721 {
              function name() external view returns (string memory);
              function symbol() external view returns (string memory);
              function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "./IERC721Enumerable.sol";
          import "./ERC721.sol";
          import "../../introspection/ERC165.sol";
          /**
           * @title ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token with optional enumeration extension logic
           * @dev See https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
           */
          contract ERC721Enumerable is ERC165, ERC721, IERC721Enumerable {
              // Mapping from owner to list of owned token IDs
              mapping(address => uint256[]) private _ownedTokens;
              // Mapping from token ID to index of the owner tokens list
              mapping(uint256 => uint256) private _ownedTokensIndex;
              // Array with all token ids, used for enumeration
              uint256[] private _allTokens;
              // Mapping from token id to position in the allTokens array
              mapping(uint256 => uint256) private _allTokensIndex;
              bytes4 private constant _INTERFACE_ID_ERC721_ENUMERABLE = 0x780e9d63;
              /*
               * 0x780e9d63 ===
               *     bytes4(keccak256('totalSupply()')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address,uint256)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('tokenByIndex(uint256)'))
               */
              /**
               * @dev Constructor function
               */
              constructor () public {
                  // register the supported interface to conform to ERC721Enumerable via ERC165
                  _registerInterface(_INTERFACE_ID_ERC721_ENUMERABLE);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the token ID at a given index of the tokens list of the requested owner
               * @param owner address owning the tokens list to be accessed
               * @param index uint256 representing the index to be accessed of the requested tokens list
               * @return uint256 token ID at the given index of the tokens list owned by the requested address
               */
              function tokenOfOwnerByIndex(address owner, uint256 index) public view returns (uint256) {
                  require(index < balanceOf(owner));
                  return _ownedTokens[owner][index];
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the total amount of tokens stored by the contract
               * @return uint256 representing the total amount of tokens
               */
              function totalSupply() public view returns (uint256) {
                  return _allTokens.length;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the token ID at a given index of all the tokens in this contract
               * Reverts if the index is greater or equal to the total number of tokens
               * @param index uint256 representing the index to be accessed of the tokens list
               * @return uint256 token ID at the given index of the tokens list
               */
              function tokenByIndex(uint256 index) public view returns (uint256) {
                  require(index < totalSupply());
                  return _allTokens[index];
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to transfer ownership of a given token ID to another address.
               * As opposed to transferFrom, this imposes no restrictions on msg.sender.
               * @param from current owner of the token
               * @param to address to receive the ownership of the given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
               */
              function _transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  super._transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
                  _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(from, tokenId);
                  _addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(to, tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to mint a new token
               * Reverts if the given token ID already exists
               * @param to address the beneficiary that will own the minted token
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be minted
               */
              function _mint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  super._mint(to, tokenId);
                  _addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(to, tokenId);
                  _addTokenToAllTokensEnumeration(tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to burn a specific token
               * Reverts if the token does not exist
               * Deprecated, use _burn(uint256) instead
               * @param owner owner of the token to burn
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token being burned
               */
              function _burn(address owner, uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  super._burn(owner, tokenId);
                  _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(owner, tokenId);
                  // Since tokenId will be deleted, we can clear its slot in _ownedTokensIndex to trigger a gas refund
                  _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId] = 0;
                  _removeTokenFromAllTokensEnumeration(tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the list of token IDs of the requested owner
               * @param owner address owning the tokens
               * @return uint256[] List of token IDs owned by the requested address
               */
              function _tokensOfOwner(address owner) internal view returns (uint256[] storage) {
                  return _ownedTokens[owner];
              }
              /**
               * @dev Private function to add a token to this extension's ownership-tracking data structures.
               * @param to address representing the new owner of the given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list of the given address
               */
              function _addTokenToOwnerEnumeration(address to, uint256 tokenId) private {
                  _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId] = _ownedTokens[to].length;
                  _ownedTokens[to].push(tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Private function to add a token to this extension's token tracking data structures.
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be added to the tokens list
               */
              function _addTokenToAllTokensEnumeration(uint256 tokenId) private {
                  _allTokensIndex[tokenId] = _allTokens.length;
                  _allTokens.push(tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Private function to remove a token from this extension's ownership-tracking data structures. Note that
               * while the token is not assigned a new owner, the _ownedTokensIndex mapping is _not_ updated: this allows for
               * gas optimizations e.g. when performing a transfer operation (avoiding double writes).
               * This has O(1) time complexity, but alters the order of the _ownedTokens array.
               * @param from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list of the given address
               */
              function _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration(address from, uint256 tokenId) private {
                  // To prevent a gap in from's tokens array, we store the last token in the index of the token to delete, and
                  // then delete the last slot (swap and pop).
                  uint256 lastTokenIndex = _ownedTokens[from].length.sub(1);
                  uint256 tokenIndex = _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId];
                  // When the token to delete is the last token, the swap operation is unnecessary
                  if (tokenIndex != lastTokenIndex) {
                      uint256 lastTokenId = _ownedTokens[from][lastTokenIndex];
                      _ownedTokens[from][tokenIndex] = lastTokenId; // Move the last token to the slot of the to-delete token
                      _ownedTokensIndex[lastTokenId] = tokenIndex; // Update the moved token's index
                  }
                  // This also deletes the contents at the last position of the array
                  _ownedTokens[from].length--;
                  // Note that _ownedTokensIndex[tokenId] hasn't been cleared: it still points to the old slot (now occupied by
                  // lastTokenId, or just over the end of the array if the token was the last one).
              }
              /**
               * @dev Private function to remove a token from this extension's token tracking data structures.
               * This has O(1) time complexity, but alters the order of the _allTokens array.
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be removed from the tokens list
               */
              function _removeTokenFromAllTokensEnumeration(uint256 tokenId) private {
                  // To prevent a gap in the tokens array, we store the last token in the index of the token to delete, and
                  // then delete the last slot (swap and pop).
                  uint256 lastTokenIndex = _allTokens.length.sub(1);
                  uint256 tokenIndex = _allTokensIndex[tokenId];
                  // When the token to delete is the last token, the swap operation is unnecessary. However, since this occurs so
                  // rarely (when the last minted token is burnt) that we still do the swap here to avoid the gas cost of adding
                  // an 'if' statement (like in _removeTokenFromOwnerEnumeration)
                  uint256 lastTokenId = _allTokens[lastTokenIndex];
                  _allTokens[tokenIndex] = lastTokenId; // Move the last token to the slot of the to-delete token
                  _allTokensIndex[lastTokenId] = tokenIndex; // Update the moved token's index
                  // This also deletes the contents at the last position of the array
                  _allTokens.length--;
                  _allTokensIndex[tokenId] = 0;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity 0.5.17;
          contract StakeManagerStorageExtension {
              address public eventsHub;
              uint256 public rewardPerStake;
              address public extensionCode;
              address[] public signers;
              uint256 constant CHK_REWARD_PRECISION = 100;
              uint256 public prevBlockInterval;
              // how much less reward per skipped checkpoint, 0 - 100%
              uint256 public rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint;
              // how many checkpoints to reward
              uint256 public maxRewardedCheckpoints;
              // increase / decrease value for faster or slower checkpoints, 0 - 100%
              uint256 public checkpointRewardDelta;
          }   
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * Utility library of inline functions on addresses
           */
          library Address {
              /**
               * Returns whether the target address is a contract
               * @dev This function will return false if invoked during the constructor of a contract,
               * as the code is not actually created until after the constructor finishes.
               * @param account address of the account to check
               * @return whether the target address is a contract
               */
              function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
                  uint256 size;
                  // XXX Currently there is no better way to check if there is a contract in an address
                  // than to check the size of the code at that address.
                  // See https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/a/14016/36603
                  // for more details about how this works.
                  // TODO Check this again before the Serenity release, because all addresses will be
                  // contracts then.
                  // solhint-disable-next-line no-inline-assembly
                  assembly { size := extcodesize(account) }
                  return size > 0;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {Registry} from "../common/Registry.sol";
          import {SafeMath} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol";
          import {Ownable} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/ownership/Ownable.sol";
          // dummy interface to avoid cyclic dependency
          contract IStakeManagerLocal {
              enum Status {Inactive, Active, Locked, Unstaked}
              struct Validator {
                  uint256 amount;
                  uint256 reward;
                  uint256 activationEpoch;
                  uint256 deactivationEpoch;
                  uint256 jailTime;
                  address signer;
                  address contractAddress;
                  Status status;
              }
              mapping(uint256 => Validator) public validators;
              bytes32 public accountStateRoot;
              uint256 public activeAmount; // delegation amount from validator contract
              uint256 public validatorRewards;
              function currentValidatorSetTotalStake() public view returns (uint256);
              // signer to Validator mapping
              function signerToValidator(address validatorAddress)
                  public
                  view
                  returns (uint256);
              function isValidator(uint256 validatorId) public view returns (bool);
          }
          contract StakingInfo is Ownable {
              using SafeMath for uint256;
              mapping(uint256 => uint256) public validatorNonce;
              /// @dev Emitted when validator stakes in '_stakeFor()' in StakeManager.
              /// @param signer validator address.
              /// @param validatorId unique integer to identify a validator.
              /// @param nonce to synchronize the events in heimdal.
              /// @param activationEpoch validator's first epoch as proposer.
              /// @param amount staking amount.
              /// @param total total staking amount.
              /// @param signerPubkey public key of the validator
              event Staked(
                  address indexed signer,
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 nonce,
                  uint256 indexed activationEpoch,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 total,
                  bytes signerPubkey
              );
              /// @dev Emitted when validator unstakes in 'unstakeClaim()'
              /// @param user address of the validator.
              /// @param validatorId unique integer to identify a validator.
              /// @param amount staking amount.
              /// @param total total staking amount.
              event Unstaked(
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 total
              );
              /// @dev Emitted when validator unstakes in '_unstake()'.
              /// @param user address of the validator.
              /// @param validatorId unique integer to identify a validator.
              /// @param nonce to synchronize the events in heimdal.
              /// @param deactivationEpoch last epoch for validator.
              /// @param amount staking amount.
              event UnstakeInit(
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 nonce,
                  uint256 deactivationEpoch,
                  uint256 indexed amount
              );
              /// @dev Emitted when the validator public key is updated in 'updateSigner()'.
              /// @param validatorId unique integer to identify a validator.
              /// @param nonce to synchronize the events in heimdal.
              /// @param oldSigner old address of the validator.
              /// @param newSigner new address of the validator.
              /// @param signerPubkey public key of the validator.
              event SignerChange(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 nonce,
                  address indexed oldSigner,
                  address indexed newSigner,
                  bytes signerPubkey
              );
              event Restaked(uint256 indexed validatorId, uint256 amount, uint256 total);
              event Jailed(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 indexed exitEpoch,
                  address indexed signer
              );
              event UnJailed(uint256 indexed validatorId, address indexed signer);
              event Slashed(uint256 indexed nonce, uint256 indexed amount);
              event ThresholdChange(uint256 newThreshold, uint256 oldThreshold);
              event DynastyValueChange(uint256 newDynasty, uint256 oldDynasty);
              event ProposerBonusChange(
                  uint256 newProposerBonus,
                  uint256 oldProposerBonus
              );
              event RewardUpdate(uint256 newReward, uint256 oldReward);
              /// @dev Emitted when validator confirms the auction bid and at the time of restaking in confirmAuctionBid() and restake().
              /// @param validatorId unique integer to identify a validator.
              /// @param nonce to synchronize the events in heimdal.
              /// @param newAmount the updated stake amount.
              event StakeUpdate(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 indexed nonce,
                  uint256 indexed newAmount
              );
              event ClaimRewards(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 indexed amount,
                  uint256 indexed totalAmount
              );
              event StartAuction(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 indexed amount,
                  uint256 indexed auctionAmount
              );
              event ConfirmAuction(
                  uint256 indexed newValidatorId,
                  uint256 indexed oldValidatorId,
                  uint256 indexed amount
              );
              event TopUpFee(address indexed user, uint256 indexed fee);
              event ClaimFee(address indexed user, uint256 indexed fee);
              // Delegator events
              event ShareMinted(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 indexed amount,
                  uint256 tokens
              );
              event ShareBurned(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 indexed amount,
                  uint256 tokens
              );
              event DelegatorClaimedRewards(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 indexed rewards
              );
              event DelegatorRestaked(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 indexed totalStaked
              );
              event DelegatorUnstaked(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  address indexed user,
                  uint256 amount
              );
              event UpdateCommissionRate(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 indexed newCommissionRate,
                  uint256 indexed oldCommissionRate
              );
              event StakeAck(
                  uint256 indexed validatorId,
                  uint256 indexed nonce
              );
              Registry public registry;
              modifier onlyValidatorContract(uint256 validatorId) {
                  address _contract;
                  (, , , , , , _contract, ) = IStakeManagerLocal(
                      registry.getStakeManagerAddress()
                  )
                      .validators(validatorId);
                  require(_contract == msg.sender,
                  "Invalid sender, not validator");
                  _;
              }
              modifier StakeManagerOrValidatorContract(uint256 validatorId) {
                  address _contract;
                  address _stakeManager = registry.getStakeManagerAddress();
                  (, , , , , , _contract, ) = IStakeManagerLocal(_stakeManager).validators(
                      validatorId
                  );
                  require(_contract == msg.sender || _stakeManager == msg.sender,
                  "Invalid sender, not stake manager or validator contract");
                  _;
              }
              modifier onlyStakeManager() {
                  require(registry.getStakeManagerAddress() == msg.sender,
                  "Invalid sender, not stake manager");
                  _;
              }
              modifier onlySlashingManager() {
                  require(registry.getSlashingManagerAddress() == msg.sender,
                  "Invalid sender, not slashing manager");
                  _;
              }
              constructor(address _registry) public {
                  registry = Registry(_registry);
              }
              function updateNonce(
                  uint256[] calldata validatorIds,
                  uint256[] calldata nonces
              ) external onlyOwner {
                  require(validatorIds.length == nonces.length, "args length mismatch");
                  for (uint256 i = 0; i < validatorIds.length; ++i) {
                      validatorNonce[validatorIds[i]] = nonces[i];
                  }
              }
              function getValidatorNonce(
                  uint256 validatorId
              ) public onlyStakeManager returns (uint256) {
                  return validatorNonce[validatorId];
              }
              function logStaked(
                  address signer,
                  bytes memory signerPubkey,
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 activationEpoch,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 total
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  validatorNonce[validatorId] = validatorNonce[validatorId].add(1);
                  emit Staked(
                      signer,
                      validatorId,
                      validatorNonce[validatorId],
                      activationEpoch,
                      amount,
                      total,
                      signerPubkey
                  );
              }
              function logUnstaked(
                  address user,
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 total
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit Unstaked(user, validatorId, amount, total);
              }
              function logUnstakeInit(
                  address user,
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 deactivationEpoch,
                  uint256 amount
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  validatorNonce[validatorId] = validatorNonce[validatorId].add(1);
                  emit UnstakeInit(
                      user,
                      validatorId,
                      validatorNonce[validatorId],
                      deactivationEpoch,
                      amount
                  );
              }
              function logSignerChange(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address oldSigner,
                  address newSigner,
                  bytes memory signerPubkey
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  validatorNonce[validatorId] = validatorNonce[validatorId].add(1);
                  emit SignerChange(
                      validatorId,
                      validatorNonce[validatorId],
                      oldSigner,
                      newSigner,
                      signerPubkey
                  );
              }
              function logRestaked(uint256 validatorId, uint256 amount, uint256 total)
                  public
                  onlyStakeManager
              {
                  emit Restaked(validatorId, amount, total);
              }
              function logJailed(uint256 validatorId, uint256 exitEpoch, address signer)
                  public
                  onlyStakeManager
              {
                  emit Jailed(validatorId, exitEpoch, signer);
              }
              function logUnjailed(uint256 validatorId, address signer)
                  public
                  onlyStakeManager
              {
                  emit UnJailed(validatorId, signer);
              }
              function logSlashed(uint256 nonce, uint256 amount)
                  public
                  onlySlashingManager
              {
                  emit Slashed(nonce, amount);
              }
              function logThresholdChange(uint256 newThreshold, uint256 oldThreshold)
                  public
                  onlyStakeManager
              {
                  emit ThresholdChange(newThreshold, oldThreshold);
              }
              function logDynastyValueChange(uint256 newDynasty, uint256 oldDynasty)
                  public
                  onlyStakeManager
              {
                  emit DynastyValueChange(newDynasty, oldDynasty);
              }
              function logProposerBonusChange(
                  uint256 newProposerBonus,
                  uint256 oldProposerBonus
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit ProposerBonusChange(newProposerBonus, oldProposerBonus);
              }
              function logRewardUpdate(uint256 newReward, uint256 oldReward)
                  public
                  onlyStakeManager
              {
                  emit RewardUpdate(newReward, oldReward);
              }
              function logStakeUpdate(uint256 validatorId)
                  public
                  StakeManagerOrValidatorContract(validatorId)
              {
                  validatorNonce[validatorId] = validatorNonce[validatorId].add(1);
                  emit StakeUpdate(
                      validatorId,
                      validatorNonce[validatorId],
                      totalValidatorStake(validatorId)
                  );
              }
              function logClaimRewards(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 totalAmount
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit ClaimRewards(validatorId, amount, totalAmount);
              }
              function logStartAuction(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 auctionAmount
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit StartAuction(validatorId, amount, auctionAmount);
              }
              function logConfirmAuction(
                  uint256 newValidatorId,
                  uint256 oldValidatorId,
                  uint256 amount
              ) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit ConfirmAuction(newValidatorId, oldValidatorId, amount);
              }
              function logTopUpFee(address user, uint256 fee) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit TopUpFee(user, fee);
              }
              function logClaimFee(address user, uint256 fee) public onlyStakeManager {
                  emit ClaimFee(user, fee);
              }
              function getStakerDetails(uint256 validatorId)
                  public
                  view
                  returns (
                      uint256 amount,
                      uint256 reward,
                      uint256 activationEpoch,
                      uint256 deactivationEpoch,
                      address signer,
                      uint256 _status
                  )
              {
                  IStakeManagerLocal stakeManager = IStakeManagerLocal(
                      registry.getStakeManagerAddress()
                  );
                  address _contract;
                  IStakeManagerLocal.Status status;
                  (
                      amount,
                      reward,
                      activationEpoch,
                      deactivationEpoch,
                      ,
                      signer,
                      _contract,
                      status
                  ) = stakeManager.validators(validatorId);
                  _status = uint256(status);
                  if (_contract != address(0x0)) {
                      reward += IStakeManagerLocal(_contract).validatorRewards();
                  }
              }
              function totalValidatorStake(uint256 validatorId)
                  public
                  view
                  returns (uint256 validatorStake)
              {
                  address contractAddress;
                  (validatorStake, , , , , , contractAddress, ) = IStakeManagerLocal(
                      registry.getStakeManagerAddress()
                  )
                      .validators(validatorId);
                  if (contractAddress != address(0x0)) {
                      validatorStake += IStakeManagerLocal(contractAddress).activeAmount();
                  }
              }
              function getAccountStateRoot()
                  public
                  view
                  returns (bytes32 accountStateRoot)
              {
                  accountStateRoot = IStakeManagerLocal(registry.getStakeManagerAddress())
                      .accountStateRoot();
              }
              function getValidatorContractAddress(uint256 validatorId)
                  public
                  view
                  returns (address ValidatorContract)
              {
                  (, , , , , , ValidatorContract, ) = IStakeManagerLocal(
                      registry.getStakeManagerAddress()
                  )
                      .validators(validatorId);
              }
              // validator Share contract logging func
              function logShareMinted(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 tokens
              ) public onlyValidatorContract(validatorId) {
                  emit ShareMinted(validatorId, user, amount, tokens);
              }
              function logShareBurned(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address user,
                  uint256 amount,
                  uint256 tokens
              ) public onlyValidatorContract(validatorId) {
                  emit ShareBurned(validatorId, user, amount, tokens);
              }
              function logDelegatorClaimRewards(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address user,
                  uint256 rewards
              ) public onlyValidatorContract(validatorId) {
                  emit DelegatorClaimedRewards(validatorId, user, rewards);
              }
              function logDelegatorRestaked(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  address user,
                  uint256 totalStaked
              ) public onlyValidatorContract(validatorId) {
                  emit DelegatorRestaked(validatorId, user, totalStaked);
              }
              function logDelegatorUnstaked(uint256 validatorId, address user, uint256 amount)
                  public
                  onlyValidatorContract(validatorId)
              {
                  emit DelegatorUnstaked(validatorId, user, amount);
              }
              // deprecated
              function logUpdateCommissionRate(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 newCommissionRate,
                  uint256 oldCommissionRate
              ) public onlyValidatorContract(validatorId) {
                  emit UpdateCommissionRate(
                      validatorId,
                      newCommissionRate,
                      oldCommissionRate
                  );
              }
              function logStakeAck(uint256 validatorId) public onlyStakeManager {
                  validatorNonce[validatorId] = validatorNonce[validatorId].add(1);
                  emit StakeAck(
                      validatorId,
                      validatorNonce[validatorId]
                  );
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          interface IGovernance {
              function update(address target, bytes calldata data) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract DelegateProxyForwarder {
              function delegatedFwd(address _dst, bytes memory _calldata) internal {
                  // solium-disable-next-line security/no-inline-assembly
                  assembly {
                      let result := delegatecall(
                          sub(gas, 10000),
                          _dst,
                          add(_calldata, 0x20),
                          mload(_calldata),
                          0,
                          0
                      )
                      let size := returndatasize
                      let ptr := mload(0x40)
                      returndatacopy(ptr, 0, size)
                      // revert instead of invalid() bc if the underlying call failed with invalid() it already wasted gas.
                      // if the call returned error data, forward it
                      switch result
                          case 0 {
                              revert(ptr, size)
                          }
                          default {
                              return(ptr, size)
                          }
                  }
              }
              
              function isContract(address _target) internal view returns (bool) {
                  if (_target == address(0)) {
                      return false;
                  }
                  uint256 size;
                  assembly {
                      size := extcodesize(_target)
                  }
                  return size > 0;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title ERC20 interface
           * @dev see https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20
           */
          interface IERC20 {
              function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
              function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
              function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
              function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);
              function balanceOf(address who) external view returns (uint256);
              function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);
              event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);
              event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          /**
           * @title IERC165
           * @dev https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165
           */
          interface IERC165 {
              /**
               * @notice Query if a contract implements an interface
               * @param interfaceId The interface identifier, as specified in ERC-165
               * @dev Interface identification is specified in ERC-165. This function
               * uses less than 30,000 gas.
               */
              function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {ERCProxy} from "./ERCProxy.sol";
          import {DelegateProxyForwarder} from "./DelegateProxyForwarder.sol";
          contract DelegateProxy is ERCProxy, DelegateProxyForwarder {
              function proxyType() external pure returns (uint256 proxyTypeId) {
                  // Upgradeable proxy
                  proxyTypeId = 2;
              }
              function implementation() external view returns (address);
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import "./IERC721.sol";
          import "./IERC721Receiver.sol";
          import "../../math/SafeMath.sol";
          import "../../utils/Address.sol";
          import "../../drafts/Counters.sol";
          import "../../introspection/ERC165.sol";
          /**
           * @title ERC721 Non-Fungible Token Standard basic implementation
           * @dev see https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721
           */
          contract ERC721 is ERC165, IERC721 {
              using SafeMath for uint256;
              using Address for address;
              using Counters for Counters.Counter;
              // Equals to `bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,address,uint256,bytes)"))`
              // which can be also obtained as `IERC721Receiver(0).onERC721Received.selector`
              bytes4 private constant _ERC721_RECEIVED = 0x150b7a02;
              // Mapping from token ID to owner
              mapping (uint256 => address) private _tokenOwner;
              // Mapping from token ID to approved address
              mapping (uint256 => address) private _tokenApprovals;
              // Mapping from owner to number of owned token
              mapping (address => Counters.Counter) private _ownedTokensCount;
              // Mapping from owner to operator approvals
              mapping (address => mapping (address => bool)) private _operatorApprovals;
              bytes4 private constant _INTERFACE_ID_ERC721 = 0x80ac58cd;
              /*
               * 0x80ac58cd ===
               *     bytes4(keccak256('balanceOf(address)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('ownerOf(uint256)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('approve(address,uint256)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('getApproved(uint256)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('setApprovalForAll(address,bool)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('isApprovedForAll(address,address)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('transferFrom(address,address,uint256)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('safeTransferFrom(address,address,uint256)')) ^
               *     bytes4(keccak256('safeTransferFrom(address,address,uint256,bytes)'))
               */
              constructor () public {
                  // register the supported interfaces to conform to ERC721 via ERC165
                  _registerInterface(_INTERFACE_ID_ERC721);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the balance of the specified address
               * @param owner address to query the balance of
               * @return uint256 representing the amount owned by the passed address
               */
              function balanceOf(address owner) public view returns (uint256) {
                  require(owner != address(0));
                  return _ownedTokensCount[owner].current();
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the owner of the specified token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to query the owner of
               * @return address currently marked as the owner of the given token ID
               */
              function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address) {
                  address owner = _tokenOwner[tokenId];
                  require(owner != address(0));
                  return owner;
              }
              /**
               * @dev Approves another address to transfer the given token ID
               * The zero address indicates there is no approved address.
               * There can only be one approved address per token at a given time.
               * Can only be called by the token owner or an approved operator.
               * @param to address to be approved for the given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be approved
               */
              function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) public {
                  address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
                  require(to != owner);
                  require(msg.sender == owner || isApprovedForAll(owner, msg.sender));
                  _tokenApprovals[tokenId] = to;
                  emit Approval(owner, to, tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Gets the approved address for a token ID, or zero if no address set
               * Reverts if the token ID does not exist.
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to query the approval of
               * @return address currently approved for the given token ID
               */
              function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) public view returns (address) {
                  require(_exists(tokenId));
                  return _tokenApprovals[tokenId];
              }
              /**
               * @dev Sets or unsets the approval of a given operator
               * An operator is allowed to transfer all tokens of the sender on their behalf
               * @param to operator address to set the approval
               * @param approved representing the status of the approval to be set
               */
              function setApprovalForAll(address to, bool approved) public {
                  require(to != msg.sender);
                  _operatorApprovals[msg.sender][to] = approved;
                  emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, to, approved);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Tells whether an operator is approved by a given owner
               * @param owner owner address which you want to query the approval of
               * @param operator operator address which you want to query the approval of
               * @return bool whether the given operator is approved by the given owner
               */
              function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) public view returns (bool) {
                  return _operatorApprovals[owner][operator];
              }
              /**
               * @dev Transfers the ownership of a given token ID to another address
               * Usage of this method is discouraged, use `safeTransferFrom` whenever possible
               * Requires the msg.sender to be the owner, approved, or operator
               * @param from current owner of the token
               * @param to address to receive the ownership of the given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
               */
              function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public {
                  require(_isApprovedOrOwner(msg.sender, tokenId));
                  _transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Safely transfers the ownership of a given token ID to another address
               * If the target address is a contract, it must implement `onERC721Received`,
               * which is called upon a safe transfer, and return the magic value
               * `bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,address,uint256,bytes)"))`; otherwise,
               * the transfer is reverted.
               * Requires the msg.sender to be the owner, approved, or operator
               * @param from current owner of the token
               * @param to address to receive the ownership of the given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
               */
              function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) public {
                  safeTransferFrom(from, to, tokenId, "");
              }
              /**
               * @dev Safely transfers the ownership of a given token ID to another address
               * If the target address is a contract, it must implement `onERC721Received`,
               * which is called upon a safe transfer, and return the magic value
               * `bytes4(keccak256("onERC721Received(address,address,uint256,bytes)"))`; otherwise,
               * the transfer is reverted.
               * Requires the msg.sender to be the owner, approved, or operator
               * @param from current owner of the token
               * @param to address to receive the ownership of the given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
               * @param _data bytes data to send along with a safe transfer check
               */
              function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory _data) public {
                  transferFrom(from, to, tokenId);
                  require(_checkOnERC721Received(from, to, tokenId, _data));
              }
              /**
               * @dev Returns whether the specified token exists
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to query the existence of
               * @return bool whether the token exists
               */
              function _exists(uint256 tokenId) internal view returns (bool) {
                  address owner = _tokenOwner[tokenId];
                  return owner != address(0);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Returns whether the given spender can transfer a given token ID
               * @param spender address of the spender to query
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
               * @return bool whether the msg.sender is approved for the given token ID,
               * is an operator of the owner, or is the owner of the token
               */
              function _isApprovedOrOwner(address spender, uint256 tokenId) internal view returns (bool) {
                  address owner = ownerOf(tokenId);
                  return (spender == owner || getApproved(tokenId) == spender || isApprovedForAll(owner, spender));
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to mint a new token
               * Reverts if the given token ID already exists
               * @param to The address that will own the minted token
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be minted
               */
              function _mint(address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  require(to != address(0));
                  require(!_exists(tokenId));
                  _tokenOwner[tokenId] = to;
                  _ownedTokensCount[to].increment();
                  emit Transfer(address(0), to, tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to burn a specific token
               * Reverts if the token does not exist
               * Deprecated, use _burn(uint256) instead.
               * @param owner owner of the token to burn
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token being burned
               */
              function _burn(address owner, uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  require(ownerOf(tokenId) == owner);
                  _clearApproval(tokenId);
                  _ownedTokensCount[owner].decrement();
                  _tokenOwner[tokenId] = address(0);
                  emit Transfer(owner, address(0), tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to burn a specific token
               * Reverts if the token does not exist
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token being burned
               */
              function _burn(uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  _burn(ownerOf(tokenId), tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to transfer ownership of a given token ID to another address.
               * As opposed to transferFrom, this imposes no restrictions on msg.sender.
               * @param from current owner of the token
               * @param to address to receive the ownership of the given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
               */
              function _transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) internal {
                  require(ownerOf(tokenId) == from);
                  require(to != address(0));
                  _clearApproval(tokenId);
                  _ownedTokensCount[from].decrement();
                  _ownedTokensCount[to].increment();
                  _tokenOwner[tokenId] = to;
                  emit Transfer(from, to, tokenId);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Internal function to invoke `onERC721Received` on a target address
               * The call is not executed if the target address is not a contract
               * @param from address representing the previous owner of the given token ID
               * @param to target address that will receive the tokens
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
               * @param _data bytes optional data to send along with the call
               * @return bool whether the call correctly returned the expected magic value
               */
              function _checkOnERC721Received(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes memory _data)
                  internal returns (bool)
              {
                  if (!to.isContract()) {
                      return true;
                  }
                  bytes4 retval = IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(msg.sender, from, tokenId, _data);
                  return (retval == _ERC721_RECEIVED);
              }
              /**
               * @dev Private function to clear current approval of a given token ID
               * @param tokenId uint256 ID of the token to be transferred
               */
              function _clearApproval(uint256 tokenId) private {
                  if (_tokenApprovals[tokenId] != address(0)) {
                      _tokenApprovals[tokenId] = address(0);
                  }
              }
          }
          pragma solidity 0.5.17;
          import {IERC20} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
          import {SafeMath} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol";
          import {Registry} from "../../common/Registry.sol";
          import {GovernanceLockable} from "../../common/mixin/GovernanceLockable.sol";
          import {IStakeManager} from "./IStakeManager.sol";
          import {StakeManagerStorage} from "./StakeManagerStorage.sol";
          import {StakeManagerStorageExtension} from "./StakeManagerStorageExtension.sol";
          import {Math} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/Math.sol";
          import {Initializable} from "../../common/mixin/Initializable.sol";
          import {EventsHub} from "../EventsHub.sol";
          import {ValidatorShare} from "../validatorShare/ValidatorShare.sol";
          contract StakeManagerExtension is StakeManagerStorage, Initializable, StakeManagerStorageExtension {
              using SafeMath for uint256;
              constructor() public GovernanceLockable(address(0x0)) {}
              function startAuction(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 amount,
                  bool _acceptDelegation,
                  bytes calldata _signerPubkey
              ) external {
                  uint256 currentValidatorAmount = validators[validatorId].amount;
                  require(
                      validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch == 0 && currentValidatorAmount != 0,
                      "Invalid validator for an auction"
                  );
                  uint256 senderValidatorId = signerToValidator[msg.sender];
                  // make sure that signer wasn't used already
                  require(
                      NFTContract.balanceOf(msg.sender) == 0 && // existing validators can't bid
                          senderValidatorId != INCORRECT_VALIDATOR_ID,
                      "Already used address"
                  );
                  uint256 _currentEpoch = currentEpoch;
                  uint256 _replacementCoolDown = replacementCoolDown;
                  // when dynasty period is updated validators are in cooldown period
                  require(_replacementCoolDown == 0 || _replacementCoolDown <= _currentEpoch, "Cooldown period");
                  // (auctionPeriod--dynasty)--(auctionPeriod--dynasty)--(auctionPeriod--dynasty)
                  // if it's auctionPeriod then will get residue smaller then auctionPeriod
                  // from (CurrentPeriod of validator )%(auctionPeriod--dynasty)
                  // make sure that its `auctionPeriod` window
                  // dynasty = 30, auctionPeriod = 7, activationEpoch = 1, currentEpoch = 39
                  // residue 1 = (39-1)% (7+30), if residue <= auctionPeriod it's `auctionPeriod`
                  require(
                      (_currentEpoch.sub(validators[validatorId].activationEpoch) % dynasty.add(auctionPeriod)) < auctionPeriod,
                      "Invalid auction period"
                  );
                  uint256 perceivedStake = currentValidatorAmount;
                  perceivedStake = perceivedStake.add(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
                  Auction storage auction = validatorAuction[validatorId];
                  uint256 currentAuctionAmount = auction.amount;
                  perceivedStake = Math.max(perceivedStake, currentAuctionAmount);
                  require(perceivedStake < amount, "Must bid higher");
                  require(token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount), "Transfer failed");
                  //replace prev auction
                  if (currentAuctionAmount != 0) {
                      require(token.transfer(auction.user, currentAuctionAmount), "Bid return failed");
                  }
                  // create new auction
                  auction.amount = amount;
                  auction.user = msg.sender;
                  auction.acceptDelegation = _acceptDelegation;
                  auction.signerPubkey = _signerPubkey;
                  logger.logStartAuction(validatorId, currentValidatorAmount, amount);
              }
              function confirmAuctionBid(
                  uint256 validatorId,
                  uint256 heimdallFee, /** for new validator */
                  IStakeManager stakeManager
              ) external {
                  Auction storage auction = validatorAuction[validatorId];
                  address auctionUser = auction.user;
                  require(
                      msg.sender == auctionUser || NFTContract.tokenOfOwnerByIndex(msg.sender, 0) == validatorId,
                      "Only bidder can confirm"
                  );
                  uint256 _currentEpoch = currentEpoch;
                  require(
                      _currentEpoch.sub(auction.startEpoch) % auctionPeriod.add(dynasty) >= auctionPeriod,
                      "Not allowed before auctionPeriod"
                  );
                  require(auction.user != address(0x0), "Invalid auction");
                  uint256 validatorAmount = validators[validatorId].amount;
                  uint256 perceivedStake = validatorAmount;
                  uint256 auctionAmount = auction.amount;
                  perceivedStake = perceivedStake.add(validators[validatorId].delegatedAmount);
                  // validator is last auctioner
                  if (perceivedStake >= auctionAmount && validators[validatorId].deactivationEpoch == 0) {
                      require(token.transfer(auctionUser, auctionAmount), "Bid return failed");
                      //cleanup auction data
                      auction.startEpoch = _currentEpoch;
                      logger.logConfirmAuction(validatorId, validatorId, validatorAmount);
                  } else {
                      stakeManager.dethroneAndStake(
                          auctionUser, 
                          heimdallFee,
                          validatorId,
                          auctionAmount,
                          auction.acceptDelegation,
                          auction.signerPubkey
                      );
                  }
                  uint256 startEpoch = auction.startEpoch;
                  delete validatorAuction[validatorId];
                  validatorAuction[validatorId].startEpoch = startEpoch;
              }
              function migrateValidatorsData(uint256 validatorIdFrom, uint256 validatorIdTo) external {       
                  for (uint256 i = validatorIdFrom; i < validatorIdTo; ++i) {
                      ValidatorShare contractAddress = ValidatorShare(validators[i].contractAddress);
                      if (contractAddress != ValidatorShare(0)) {
                          // move validator rewards out from ValidatorShare contract
                          validators[i].reward = contractAddress.validatorRewards_deprecated().add(INITIALIZED_AMOUNT);
                          validators[i].delegatedAmount = contractAddress.activeAmount();
                          validators[i].commissionRate = contractAddress.commissionRate_deprecated();
                      } else {
                          validators[i].reward = validators[i].reward.add(INITIALIZED_AMOUNT);
                      }
                      validators[i].delegatorsReward = INITIALIZED_AMOUNT;
                  }
              }
              function updateCheckpointRewardParams(
                  uint256 _rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint,
                  uint256 _maxRewardedCheckpoints,
                  uint256 _checkpointRewardDelta
              ) external {
                  require(_maxRewardedCheckpoints.mul(_rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint) <= CHK_REWARD_PRECISION);
                  require(_checkpointRewardDelta <= CHK_REWARD_PRECISION);
                  rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint = _rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint;
                  maxRewardedCheckpoints = _maxRewardedCheckpoints;
                  checkpointRewardDelta = _checkpointRewardDelta;
                  _getOrCacheEventsHub().logRewardParams(_rewardDecreasePerCheckpoint, _maxRewardedCheckpoints, _checkpointRewardDelta);
              }
              function updateCommissionRate(uint256 validatorId, uint256 newCommissionRate) external {
                  uint256 _epoch = currentEpoch;
                  uint256 _lastCommissionUpdate = validators[validatorId].lastCommissionUpdate;
                  require( // withdrawalDelay == dynasty
                      (_lastCommissionUpdate.add(WITHDRAWAL_DELAY) <= _epoch) || _lastCommissionUpdate == 0, // For initial setting of commission rate
                      "Cooldown"
                  );
                  require(newCommissionRate <= MAX_COMMISION_RATE, "Incorrect value");
                  _getOrCacheEventsHub().logUpdateCommissionRate(validatorId, newCommissionRate, validators[validatorId].commissionRate);
                  validators[validatorId].commissionRate = newCommissionRate;
                  validators[validatorId].lastCommissionUpdate = _epoch;
              }
              function _getOrCacheEventsHub() private returns(EventsHub) {
                  EventsHub _eventsHub = EventsHub(eventsHub);
                  if (_eventsHub == EventsHub(0x0)) {
                      _eventsHub = EventsHub(Registry(registry).contractMap(keccak256("eventsHub")));
                      eventsHub = address(_eventsHub);
                  }
                  return _eventsHub;
              }
          }
          pragma solidity 0.5.17;
          // note this contract interface is only for stakeManager use
          contract IValidatorShare {
              function withdrawRewards() public;
              function unstakeClaimTokens() public;
              function getLiquidRewards(address user) public view returns (uint256);
              
              function owner() public view returns (address);
              function restake() public returns(uint256, uint256);
              function unlock() external;
              function lock() external;
              function drain(
                  address token,
                  address payable destination,
                  uint256 amount
              ) external;
              function slash(uint256 valPow, uint256 delegatedAmount, uint256 totalAmountToSlash) external returns (uint256);
              function updateDelegation(bool delegation) external;
              function migrateOut(address user, uint256 amount) external;
              function migrateIn(address user, uint256 amount) external;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          contract IWithdrawManager {
              function createExitQueue(address token) external;
              function verifyInclusion(
                  bytes calldata data,
                  uint8 offset,
                  bool verifyTxInclusion
              ) external view returns (uint256 age);
              function addExitToQueue(
                  address exitor,
                  address childToken,
                  address rootToken,
                  uint256 exitAmountOrTokenId,
                  bytes32 txHash,
                  bool isRegularExit,
                  uint256 priority
              ) external;
              function addInput(
                  uint256 exitId,
                  uint256 age,
                  address utxoOwner,
                  address token
              ) external;
              function challengeExit(
                  uint256 exitId,
                  uint256 inputId,
                  bytes calldata challengeData,
                  address adjudicatorPredicate
              ) external;
          }
          pragma solidity 0.5.17;
          import {IERC20} from "openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
          import {Registry} from "../../common/Registry.sol";
          import {GovernanceLockable} from "../../common/mixin/GovernanceLockable.sol";
          import {RootChainable} from "../../common/mixin/RootChainable.sol";
          import {StakingInfo} from "../StakingInfo.sol";
          import {StakingNFT} from "./StakingNFT.sol";
          import {ValidatorShareFactory} from "../validatorShare/ValidatorShareFactory.sol";
          contract StakeManagerStorage is GovernanceLockable, RootChainable {
              enum Status {Inactive, Active, Locked, Unstaked}
              struct Auction {
                  uint256 amount;
                  uint256 startEpoch;
                  address user;
                  bool acceptDelegation;
                  bytes signerPubkey;
              }
              struct State {
                  uint256 amount;
                  uint256 stakerCount;
              }
              struct StateChange {
                  int256 amount;
                  int256 stakerCount;
              }
              struct Validator {
                  uint256 amount;
                  uint256 reward;
                  uint256 activationEpoch;
                  uint256 deactivationEpoch;
                  uint256 jailTime;
                  address signer;
                  address contractAddress;
                  Status status;
                  uint256 commissionRate;
                  uint256 lastCommissionUpdate;
                  uint256 delegatorsReward;
                  uint256 delegatedAmount;
                  uint256 initialRewardPerStake;
              }
              uint256 constant MAX_COMMISION_RATE = 100;
              uint256 constant MAX_PROPOSER_BONUS = 100;
              uint256 constant REWARD_PRECISION = 10**25;
              uint256 internal constant INCORRECT_VALIDATOR_ID = 2**256 - 1;
              uint256 internal constant INITIALIZED_AMOUNT = 1;
              IERC20 public token;
              address public registry;
              StakingInfo public logger;
              StakingNFT public NFTContract;
              ValidatorShareFactory public validatorShareFactory;
              uint256 public WITHDRAWAL_DELAY; // unit: epoch
              uint256 public currentEpoch;
              // genesis/governance variables
              uint256 public dynasty; // unit: epoch 50 days
              uint256 public CHECKPOINT_REWARD; // update via governance
              uint256 public minDeposit; // in ERC20 token
              uint256 public minHeimdallFee; // in ERC20 token
              uint256 public checkPointBlockInterval;
              uint256 public signerUpdateLimit;
              uint256 public validatorThreshold; //128
              uint256 public totalStaked;
              uint256 public NFTCounter;
              uint256 public totalRewards;
              uint256 public totalRewardsLiquidated;
              uint256 public auctionPeriod; // 1 week in epochs
              uint256 public proposerBonus; // 10 % of total rewards
              bytes32 public accountStateRoot;
              // Stop validator auction for some time when updating dynasty value
              uint256 public replacementCoolDown;
              bool public delegationEnabled;
              mapping(uint256 => Validator) public validators;
              mapping(address => uint256) public signerToValidator;
              // current epoch stake power and stakers count
              State public validatorState;
              mapping(uint256 => StateChange) public validatorStateChanges;
              mapping(address => uint256) public userFeeExit;
              //Ongoing auctions for validatorId
              mapping(uint256 => Auction) public validatorAuction;
              // validatorId to last signer update epoch
              mapping(uint256 => uint256) public latestSignerUpdateEpoch;
              uint256 public totalHeimdallFee;
          }
          pragma solidity ^0.5.2;
          import {UpgradableProxy} from "../../common/misc/UpgradableProxy.sol";
          import {Registry} from "../../common/Registry.sol";
          contract ValidatorShareProxy is UpgradableProxy {
              constructor(address _registry) public UpgradableProxy(_registry) {}
              function loadImplementation() internal view returns (address) {
                  return Registry(super.loadImplementation()).getValidatorShareAddress();
              }
          }